Table 2. Unadjusted preventive behaviors used by adults to avoid catching or spreading influenza by sociodemographic characteristics.
| Behaviors Adopted to Avoid Catching Influenza | Behaviors Adopted to Avoid Spreading Influenza | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Getting an Influenza Vaccination | Personal Hygiene Behaviorsa | Personal Health and Dietary Behaviorsb | Interpersonal Social Behaviorsc | Personal Hygiene Behaviorsa | Personal Health and Dietary Behaviorsb | Interpersonal Social Behaviorsc | |
| Characteristic | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) |
| Overall | 49.8 (47.8, 51.8) | 84.9 (83.3, 86.4) | 47.1 (45.1, 49.1) | 68.0 (66.0, 69.9) | 81.1 (79.3, 82.7) | 50.5 (48.5, 52.5) | 89.5 (88.0, 90.8) |
| Age | |||||||
| 18–49 yearsd | 40.4 (37.5, 43.4) | 82.4 (79.7, 84.7) | 44.9 (42.0, 47.9) | 65.0 (62.0, 67.9) | 79.7 (76.9, 82.1) | 46.6 (43.6, 49.6) | 86.6 (84.3, 88.6) |
| 50–64 years | 53.5* (50.0, 56.9) | 87.1* (84.4, 89.4) | 47.4 (44.0, 50.8) | 69.2 (65.8, 72.3) | 82.6 (79.8, 85.2) | 50.7 (47.2, 54.1) | 90.7* (88.1, 92.7) |
| ≥65 years | 71.5* (67.7, 75.0) | 89.1* (86.6, 91.2) | 52.8* (48.8, 56.8) | 74.7* (71.0, 78.1) | 83.0 (79.9, 85.6) | 61.6* (57.6, 65.4) | 96.0* (94.1, 97.2) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Maled | 46.4 (43.6, 49.2) | 79.3 (76.6, 81.7) | 41.5 (38.7, 44.3) | 64.6 (61.8, 67.4) | 74.7 (72.0, 77.3) | 46.4 (43.6, 49.3) | 85.7 (83.3, 87.8) |
| Female | 53.0* (50.2, 55.8) | 90.2* (88.1, 91.9) | 52.3* (49.5, 55.2) | 71.1* (68.4, 73.6) | 87.0* (84.8, 88.9) | 54.3* (51.5, 57.2) | 93.0* (91.3, 94.4) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white onlyd | 52.8 (50.4, 55.2) | 86.2 (84.3, 87.9) | 47.1 (44.6, 49.5) | 69.6 (67.2, 71.8) | 82.2 (80.1, 84.0) | 49.7 (47.2, 52.1) | 91.1 (89.4, 92.5) |
| Non-Hispanic black only | 41.5* (36.3, 46.8) | 83.5 (78.6, 87.4) | 46.3 (40.9, 51.8) | 63.5* (57.9, 68.8) | 79.1 (73.8, 83.6) | 56.9* (51.3, 62.3) | 86.7* (82.1, 90.2) |
| Hispanic | 45.1* (39.1, 51.2) | 82.2 (76.3, 86.8) | 46.4 (40.4, 52.6) | 62.8* (56.5, 68.8) | 80.6 (74.7, 85.4) | 50.9 (44.8, 57.0) | 86.0* (80.8, 89.9) |
| Non-Hispanic, other or multiple races | 46.2 (39.7, 52.9) | 81.5 (74.3, 87.0) | 49.3 (42.6, 55.9) | 70.2 (63.5, 76.2) | 76.3 (69.1, 82.2) | 47.5 (40.9, 54.2) | 86.7 (80.7, 91.1) |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married/living with partnerd | 53.4 (50.8, 55.9) | 87.7 (85.7, 89.4) | 49.7 (47.1, 52.3) | 70.3 (67.9, 72.7) | 84.0 (81.9, 85.9) | 53.0 (50.4, 55.5) | 91.5 (89.8, 93.0) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 54.4 (49.6, 59.0) | 87.2 (83.5, 90.2) | 47.2 (42.5, 51.9) | 69.9 (65.2, 74.3) | 80.3 (75.9, 84.0) | 55.7 (50.9, 60.3) | 91.5 (88.3, 93.9) |
| Never married | 38.1* (33.9, 42.4) | 76.7* (72.6, 80.4) | 40.9* (36.7, 45.2) | 60.9* (56.5, 65.2) | 74.7* (70.6, 78.5) | 41.0* (36.8, 45.4) | 83.1* (79.4, 86.4) |
| Education level | |||||||
| Less than high schoold | 43.5 (36.6, 50.6) | 73.4 (66.2, 79.5) | 41.9 (35.0, 49.1) | 61.3 (54.0, 68.2) | 71.8 (64.7, 77.9) | 49.8 (42.7, 57.0) | 81.5 (75.2, 86.5) |
| High school | 47.4 (43.6, 51.1) | 80.5 (77.1, 83.5) | 44.3 (40.6, 48.1) | 65.7 (61.9, 69.3) | 77.8 (74.3, 80.9) | 48.7 (45.0, 52.5) | 87.2 (84.3, 89.7) |
| Some college | 46.1 (42.4, 49.8) | 89.8* (87.2, 92.0) | 50.4* (46.6, 54.2) | 70.9* (67.4, 74.3) | 85.6* (82.6, 88.1) | 54.9 (51.1, 58.6) | 91.1* (88.4, 93.1) |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 58.2* (55.0, 61.5) | 89.2* (86.9, 91.1) | 48.7 (45.5, 52.0) | 70.0* (66.9, 73.0) | 83.7* (80.9, 86.2) | 48.4 (45.1, 51.6) | 93.3* (91.3, 94.9) |
| Employment | |||||||
| Employedd | 45.2 (42.6, 47.8) | 85.8 (83.6, 87.7) | 46.4 (43.7, 49.0) | 66.2 (63.6, 68.7) | 82.1 (79.8, 84.2) | 47.2 (44.6, 49.9) | 88.9 (87.0, 90.6) |
| Unemployed | 39.1 (30.8, 48.1) | 78.4 (69.6, 85.2) | 35.6* (27.8, 44.2) | 61.1 (51.8, 69.7) | 76.1 (67.0, 83.4) | 46.4 (37.6, 55.4) | 84.0 (75.8, 89.8) |
| Not in work force | 59.4* (56.2, 62.6) | 84.7 (81.9, 87.1) | 50.4 (47.1, 53.6) | 72.1* (68.9, 75.1) | 80.3 (77.4, 82.9) | 56.7* (53.4, 60.0) | 91.4 (89.1, 93.2) |
| Annual household income | |||||||
| <$35,000d | 42.0 (38.2, 45.9) | 77.9 (74.2, 81.1) | 42.5 (38.7, 46.4) | 62.7 (58.7, 66.6) | 75.0 (71.3, 78.4) | 47.5 (43.6, 51.4) | 81.7 (78.1, 84.8) |
| $35,000-$49,999 | 46.3 (40.4, 52.3) | 85.0* (79.5, 89.3) | 47.9 (41.9, 54.0) | 71.6* (65.8, 76.7) | 82.5* (76.9, 87.0) | 50.3 (44.3, 56.4) | 90.1* (85.8, 93.2) |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 50.5* (45.8, 55.1) | 88.7* (85.2, 91.5) | 50.4* (45.8, 55.1) | 66.1 (61.4, 70.5) | 83.9* (79.8, 87.3) | 48.8 (44.2, 53.5) | 93.7* (90.6, 95.8) |
| ≥$75,000 | 55.4* (52.3, 58.4) | 87.7* (85.3, 89.8) | 48.3* (45.3, 51.4) | 71.1* (68.1, 73.8) | 83.3* (80.7, 85.6) | 53.2* (50.1, 56.2) | 92.5* (90.5, 94.1) |
| Region of residence | |||||||
| Northeastd | 52.2 (47.5, 56.9) | 85.5 (81.9, 88.6) | 47.2 (42.5, 51.9) | 62.9 (58.2, 67.4) | 80.3 (76.1, 83.9) | 55.1 (50.3, 59.7) | 88.3 (84.7, 91.2) |
| Midwest | 52.3 (48.0, 56.5) | 86.1 (82.6, 89.0) | 47.5 (43.2, 51.8) | 67.3 (63.0, 71.2) | 83.4 (79.9, 86.5) | 44.5* (40.3, 48.7) | 91.8 (88.8, 94.0) |
| South | 50.8 (47.4, 54.1) | 83.4 (80.4, 86.1) | 46.4 (43.1, 49.8) | 71.3* (68.1, 74.4) | 81.1 (78.1, 83.8) | 55.3 (51.9, 58.7) | 88.4 (85.8, 90.6) |
| West | 44.2* (40.2, 48.3) | 85.7 (82.1, 88.6) | 47.7 (43.6, 51.9) | 67.1 (63.0, 71.0) | 79.4 (75.5, 82.8) | 44.9* (40.8, 49.1) | 89.9 (86.8, 92.4) |
| Received influenza vaccination | |||||||
| Yes | 89.5* (87.2, 91.4) | 89.1* (86.8, 91.0) | 46.2 (43.1, 49.3) | 69.8 (66.8, 72.7) | 85.7* (83.2, 87.8) | 55.6* (52.5, 58.7) | 93.2* (91.4, 94.7) |
| Nod | 24.7 (22.6, 27.0) | 83.9 (81.7, 86.0) | 49.0 (46.3, 51.7) | 68.5 (65.9, 71.0) | 79.8 (77.4, 82.0) | 48.3 (45.6, 51.0) | 88.9 (86.9, 90.6) |
| MSA status | |||||||
| Metro | 50.4 (48.3, 52.6) | 85.1 (83.4, 86.8) | 46.8 (44.7, 49.0) | 68.3 (66.2, 70.3) | 81.1 (79.2, 82.9) | 50.6 (48.4, 52.8) | 89.5 (87.9, 90.8) |
| Non-metrod | 46.2 (40.9, 51.7) | 83.6 (78.9, 87.5) | 48.4 (43.0, 53.9) | 66.0 (60.5, 71.1) | 80.9 (76.2, 84.9) | 50.1 (44.6, 55.5) | 89.6 (85.2, 92.8) |
| Household size | |||||||
| One | 47.1 (42.8, 51.4) | 77.8* (73.7, 81.5) | 45.4 (41.1, 49.8) | 62.9* (58.4, 67.2) | 72.9* (68.5, 76.8) | 43.3* (39.1, 47.6) | 85.2* (81.5, 88.2) |
| Two | 56.5* (53.3, 59.6) | 86.0 (83.3, 88.3) | 47.8 (44.7, 51.0) | 70.4 (67.3, 73.3) | 81.8 (78.9, 84.3) | 53.0 (49.8, 56.1) | 90.6 (88.0, 92.6) |
| Three or mored | 45.6 (42.4, 48.8) | 87.5 (85.0, 89.6) | 47.3 (44.1, 50.5) | 68.4 (65.3, 71.4) | 84.5 (82.0, 86.8) | 52.0 (48.8, 55.3) | 90.7 (88.6, 92.4) |
CI confidence interval.
*Significant at P < 0.05 by t-test compared to the reference group.
aTo avoid catching influenza, personal hygiene behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) washing your hands often; b) using hand sanitizers; c) using disinfectants.
To avoid spreading influenza to others, personal hygiene behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) washing your hands often; b) using hand sanitizers.
bTo avoid catching influenza, personal health and dietary behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) maintaining a healthy diet; b) getting regular exercise; c) getting adequate rest; d) maintaining a healthy lifestyle; e) taking vitamins; f) taking herbal medicine or products; g) drinking ample fluids.
To avoid spreading influenza to others, personal health and dietary behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) getting adequate rest; b) getting treatment as soon as possible; c) drinking ample fluids; d) taking supplements.
cTo avoid catching influenza, interpersonal social behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) avoiding people who are sick with a respiratory illness; b) covering your mouth and nose with a mask; c) avoiding others in general.
To avoid spreading influenza to others, interpersonal social behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) staying home if sick with a respiratory illness; b) covering your mouth and nose with a mask; c) covering coughs and sneezes; d) avoiding others in general; e) using disinfectants.
dReference level.