Table 3. Adjusted estimates of preventive behavior responses used by adults to avoid catching or spreading influenza.
| Behaviors Adopted to Avoid Catching Influenza | Behaviors Adopted to Avoid Spreading Influenza | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Getting an Influenza Vaccination | Personal Hygiene Behaviorsa | Personal Health and Dietary Behaviorsb | Interpersonal Social Behaviorsc | Personal Hygiene Behaviorsa | Personal Health and Dietary Behaviorsb | Interpersonal Social Behaviorsc | |
| Characteristic | APDd (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) |
| Age | |||||||
| 18–49 years | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 50–64 years | 6.5* (2.5, 10.5) | 6.6* (2.7, 10.5) | 2.6 (-2.5, 7.7) | 4.0 (-0.9, 8.8) | 5.1* (1.0, 9.2) | 3.5 (-1.6, 8.5) | 4.8* (1.5, 8.1) |
| ≥65 years | 12.8* (6.6, 18.9) | 8.5* (4.0, 13.0) | 7.5* (0.5, 14.4) | 6.9* (0.3, 13.6) | 5.7* (0.5, 11.0) | 12.1* (5.3, 18.9) | 8.8* (5.3, 12.2) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Female | 3.2* (0.0, 6.3) | 9.6* (6.6, 12.6) | 10.3* (6.2, 14.3) | 4.9* (1.0, 8.8) | 11.2* (8.0, 14.4) | 5.3* (1.3, 9.3) | 5.7* (3.1, 8.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white only | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Non-Hispanic black only | -4.6 (-9.5, 0.4) | 2.0 (-2.1, 6.1) | 3.8 (-2.5, 10.1) | -3.6 (-9.7, 2.5) | 0.2 (-4.9, 5.2) | 9.6* (3.6, 15.7) | 0.1 (-3.2, 3.5) |
| Hispanic | 0.7 (-4.8, 6.3) | -0.0 (-4.7, 4.6) | 5.2 (-1.7, 12.2) | -2.6 (-9.3, 4.1) | 2.7 (-2.3, 7.7) | 5.3 (-1.5, 12.1) | -0.9 (-4.7, 2.8) |
| Non-Hispanic, other or multiple races | -1.3 (-6.4, 3.8) | -3.1 (-8.9, 2.7) | 4.9 (-2.4, 12.2) | 3.5 (-3.1, 10.0) | -3.9 (-10.0, 2.3) | 1.9 (-5.5, 9.4) | -2.9 (-8.0, 2.1) |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married/living with partner | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.7 (-3.2, 6.5) | 2.4 (-2.4, 7.1) | -4.1 (-10.7, 2.4) | 2.0 (-4.0, 8.0) | -0.2 (-5.6, 5.2) | 4.8 (-1.7, 11.3) | 1.9 (-1.9, 5.6) |
| Never married | 3.0 (-1.9, 8.0) | -2.0 (-6.5, 2.6) | -5.4 (-11.8, 0.9) | -2.4 (-8.3, 3.5) | -1.3 (-6.4, 3.7) | -4.6 (-11.0, 1.7) | 0.4 (-3.2, 4.1) |
| Education level | |||||||
| Less than high school | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| High school | 0.6 (-5.4, 6.7) | 5.8 (-1.5, 13.0) | 2.9 (-5.2, 11.1) | 3.9 (-4.2, 12.1) | 5.2 (-2.0, 12.4) | 0.6 (-7.5, 8.8) | 2.8 (-2.3, 8.0) |
| Some college | 0.9 (-5.1, 7.0) | 14.8* (7.6, 22.0) | 9.3* (0.9, 17.6) | 9.2* (1.1, 17.3) | 12.8* (5.7, 19.9) | 7.7 (-0.6, 16.0) | 5.8* (0.7, 11.0) |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 5.1 (-1.2, 11.4) | 13.7* (6.2, 21.1) | 7.8 (-0.9, 16.4) | 8.0 (-0.4, 16.3) | 11.1* (3.7, 18.5) | 0.6 (-8.0, 9.2) | 7.3* (1.9, 12.6) |
| Employment | |||||||
| Employed | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Unemployed | 3.4 (-4.2, 11.0) | -1.2 (-7.3, 4.9) | -4.3 (-13.5, 5.0) | 1.9 (-7.2, 11.0) | 0.5 (-5.9, 7.0) | 2.7 (-6.6, 12.0) | 1.9 (-2.7, 6.5) |
| Not in work force | 5.1* (1.0, 9.1) | -2.8 (-6.9, 1.2) | 2.4 (-2.8, 7.6) | 4.6 (-0.4, 9.6) | -3.2 (-7.5, 1.1) | 5.1 (-0.0, 10.2) | 0.7 (-2.5, 3.9) |
| Annual household income | |||||||
| <$35,000 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| $35,000-$49,999 | 2.5 (-2.5, 7.4) | 3.3 (-2.2, 8.8) | 4.7 (-2.6, 12.0) | 7.0* (0.1, 13.9) | 3.5 (-2.5, 9.4) | 2.3 (-5.0, 9.7) | 6.8* (2.3, 11.4) |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 4.5 (-0.3, 9.4) | 5.0* (0.6, 9.5) | 5.9 (-0.6, 12.5) | 1.2 (-5.0, 7.5) | 4.6 (-0.4, 9.6) | 0.9 (-5.4, 7.2) | 9.4* (5.2, 13.5) |
| ≥$75,000 | 9.7* (4.8, 14.6) | 2.6 (-2.1, 7.4) | 4.0 (-2.2, 10.2) | 5.2 (-0.8, 11.1) | 2.4 (-2.8, 7.5) | 6.5* (0.3, 12.7) | 8.4* (4.2, 12.6) |
| Region of residence | |||||||
| Northeast | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Midwest | 0.4 (-4.5, 5.2) | 0.3 (-4.1, 4.6) | -0.4 (-6.7, 6.0) | 4.0 (-2.1, 10.2) | 2.7 (-2.2, 7.6) | -11.6* (-17.9, -5.3) | 3.6 (-0.4, 7.5) |
| South | 1.1 (-3.3, 5.5) | -1.9 (-5.9, 2.2) | -1.5 (-7.2, 4.3) | 8.7* (3.1, 14.3) | 1.0 (-3.6, 5.5) | -2.0 (-7.7, 3.7) | 0.9 (-2.8, 4.7) |
| West | -3.9 (-8.6, 0.7) | 0.5 (-3.8, 4.8) | 0.4 (-5.9, 6.7) | 3.9 (-2.2, 10.0) | -0.7 (-5.6, 4.3) | -10.7* (-17.0, -4.5) | 2.2 (-1.8, 6.2) |
| Received influenza vaccination | |||||||
| Yes | 61.6* (58.4, 64.8) | 2.9 (-0.1, 5.8) | -5.4* (-9.5, -1.2) | -1.1 (-5.1, 2.9) | 4.5* (1.3, 7.7) | 4.7* (0.5, 8.8) | 1.9 (-0.7, 4.5) |
| No | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| MSA status | |||||||
| Metro | 2.0 (-2.4, 6.4) | -0.1 (-4.3, 4.1) | -2.7 (-8.8, 3.3) | 2.6 (-3.3, 8.4) | -0.4 (-4.9, 4.1) | -1.8 (-7.7, 4.2) | -1.5 (-5.0, 2.0) |
| Non-metro | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Household size | |||||||
| One | -3.9 (-9.7, 1.9) | -10.4* (-16.4, -4.3) | 1.2 (-5.7, 8.1) | -4.5 (-11.4, 2.3) | -10.4* (-16.9, -3.9) | -10.7* (-17.6, -3.9) | -4.7* (-9.2, -0.3) |
| Two | 1.5 (-2.3, 5.3) | -4.4* (-7.8, -1.0) | -1.2 (-6.1, 3.8) | -1.4 (-6.0, 3.1) | -4.8* (-8.6, -1.0) | -3.3 (-8.1, 1.6) | -2.6 (-5.6, 0.3) |
| Three or more | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
APD Adjusted prevalence difference; CI confidence interval.
*Significant at P < 0.05 by t-test compared to the reference group.
aTo avoid catching influenza, personal hygiene behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) washing your hands often; b) using hand sanitizers; c) using disinfectants.
To avoid spreading influenza to others, personal hygiene behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) washing your hands often; b) using hand sanitizers.
bTo avoid catching influenza, personal health and dietary behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) maintaining a healthy diet; b) getting regular exercise; c) getting adequate rest; d) maintaining a healthy lifestyle; e) taking vitamins; f) taking herbal medicine or products; g) drinking ample fluids.
To avoid spreading influenza to others, personal health and dietary behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) getting adequate rest; b) getting treatment as soon as possible; c) drinking ample fluids; d) taking supplements.
cTo avoid catching influenza, interpersonal social behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) avoiding people who are sick with a respiratory illness; b) covering your mouth and nose with a mask; c) avoiding others in general.
To avoid spreading influenza to others, interpersonal social behaviors is comprised of the following behaviors: a) staying home if sick with a respiratory illness; b) covering your mouth and nose with a mask; c) covering coughs and sneezes; d) avoiding others in general; e) using disinfectants.
dAdjusted prevalence differences, adjusted for all variables included in the table.