Table 1.

Comparison of TXA administration protocols between the IDF and civilian EMS in Israel (from Nadler et al ¹⁸)

	EMS	IDF
Relation to mechanism	Penetrating*	Non-compressible haemorrhage
Evacuation time	–	>15 min
Age	All ages	>18 years
Markers of shock/need for massive transfusion	SBP <90 or HR >100	At least 2 signs: SBP <90 HR >110 Pallor/sweating Slow capillary refill time Deterioration of consciousness

According to the IDF protocol, TXA should be administered automatically, regardless of signs of shock, to all casualties with penetrating injury to the torso and junctional areas.

EMS, emergency medical service; HR, heart rate; IDF, Israel Defence Forces; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TXA, tranexamic acid.