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. 2018 Feb 21;115(10):2419–2424. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716825115

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Experimental insect food webs. The food web structure for assembled insect communities with lower (A) and higher (C) food web complexity is shown. We tested for secondary extinctions at the parasitoid trophic level in the species L. fabarum and A. ervi following the functional extinction of A. megourae (indicated by a diagonal line through its node). The resulting food web structures (excluding plants) as observed in the field experiment for communities with lower (B) and higher (D) food web complexity are presented as quantitative host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid networks. For the primary parasitoids, the light blue areas of the bars indicate the proportion of parasitoids that have not been hyperparasitized. The networks show interactions for primary parasitoids feeding on aphids and hyperparasitoids as a fourth trophic level attacking the primary parasitoids. A. cur, A. cursor; A. ervi, A. ervi; A. fab, A. fabae; A. meg, A. megourae; A. pis, A. pisum; A. sus, A. suspensus; A. vit, A. victrix; A. vul, A. vulgaris; D. aph, D. aphidum; D. car, D. carpenteri; D. dub, D. dubiosus; L. fab, L. fabarum; M. vic, M. viciae; P. dor, P. dorsale; P. vil, P. villosa; S. ave, S. avenae.