Fig. 2.

Secondary extinctions. The persistence of L. fabarum (A) and A. ervi (B) parasitoid populations in simple (black line, circle) or complex (green line, diamond) communities with either the parasitoid A. megourae harvested (open symbols) or nonharvesting controls (closed symbols) is shown. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001, significance levels for Kaplan–Meier survival curves between harvesting treatments and controls with the same community structure. ns, nonsignificant. Note the greater indirect effect of harvesting in simple communities (black lines/symbols) in both species. The arrow indicates the position of the species represented in the panel in the food webs, with the harvested parasitoid A. megourae indicated by a diagonal line through its node.