Table 2.

Three-Level Rasch Models of Exposure to Severe Violence by Individual, Family, and Neighborhood Characteristics (Neighborhood-level N=157; Person-level N=1,135).^a

Independent Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
Individual Level
Race/Ethnicity
African American	.8695*** (.1952)		.8466*** (.1965)		.6652** (.1847)		.4782* (.1839)
Latino	.5708** (.2105)		.5908** (.2084)		.5118* (.2191)		.4525* (.2127)
Age	.1722*** (.0396)		.1714*** (.0396)		.1766*** (.0394)		.0646 (.0419)
Immigrant Generation
First	−.5306* (.2648)		−.5224 (.2693)		−.3718 (.2787)		−.1402 (.2743)
Second	−.1707 (.2337)		−.1734 (.2336)		−.0780 (.2446)		.0195 (.2472)
Male	.5270*** (.1339)		.5251*** (.1344)		.5087*** (.1325)		.3991** (.1352)
Family SES	−.0162 (.0508)		−.0213 (.0512)		.0249 (.0519)		.0237 (.0510)
Two Biological Parents	−.1778 (.1515)		−.1720 (.1514)		−.1705 (.1504)		−.0768 (.1508)
Family Supervision	−.3102** (.0931)		−.3096** (.0929)		−.3187** (.0910)		−.2795** (.0888)
Family Attachment & Support	−.2866** (.0823)		−.2920** (.0815)		−.2956*** (.0801)		−.1197 (.0777)
Prior Problem Behavior							.3273*** (.0630)
Wave 1 Exposure to Violence							.3757*** (.0917)
Neighborhood Level
Active Streets	.3170 (.3431)		.5299 (.3896)		.6422 (.4919)		.6806 (.5361)
Active Streets2	−.0378** (.0126)		−.0390(.0123)		−.0375** (.0111)		−.0310** (.0113)
Mixed Land Use			−.5735 (.5573)		−.0292 (.5515)		.3155 (.5730)
Concentrated Disadvantage					.4154*** (.0849)		.2889** (.0928)
Residential Stability					−.0914 (.0770)		−.0893 (.0777)
Immigrant Concentration					.0015 (.0830)		.0061 (.0827)
Ln. Population Density					−.3835** (.1199)		−.3981** (.1295)
1991-93 Homicide Rate							.1671 (.0852)
Intercept	−1.1940*** (.0907)		−1.1828*** (.0922)		−1.1342*** (.0917)		−1.1970*** (.0883)

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001 (two-tailed significance tests).

^aLog odds with robust standard errors in parentheses