Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of the Cohort
| Participants: age variables | All (6–18 years) n = 291, mean ± SD | Younger (6–11 years) n = 140, mean ± SD | Older (12–18 years) n = 151, mean ± SD | P-value (where appropriate) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasian, n (%) | 161 (55) | 98 (70) | 63 (42) | |
| Black, n (%) | 89 (31) | 27 (19) | 62 (41) | |
| Native American, n (%) | 11 (4) | 5 (4) | 6 (4) | |
| Asian, n (%) | 10 (3) | 4 (3) | 6 (4) | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
| Other, n (%) | 18 (6) | 6 (4) | 12 (8) | |
| Gender, n (%) | Male: 158 (54) | Male: 78 (56) | Male: 158 (54) | |
| Female: 133 (46) | Female: 62 (44) | Female: 133 (46) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 6.3 | 17.9 ± 3.4 | 24.4 ± 6.6 | <0.0001 |
| BMI percentile | 64.7 ± 29.7 | 61 ± 29.2 | 68 ± 29.9 | 0.047 |
| Overweight (BMI 85th percentile–95th percentile), n (%) | 52 (17.9) | 24 (17.1) | 28 (18.5) | |
| Obese (BMI ≥95th percentile), n (%) | 54 (18.6) | 16 (11.4) | 38 (25.2) | |
| Waist (cm) | 72.7 ± 16.1 | 63.5 ± 10.1 | 81.1 ± 15.9 | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 104 ± 10 | 100 ± 9.1 | 107 ± 9.7 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 57 ± 7 | 56 ± 6.8 | 59 ± 7.7 | 0.003 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/L) | 7.7 ± 7.4 | 4.6 ± 5.5 | 10.5 ± 7.8 | <0.0001 |
| Total-C (mg/dL) | 154.4 ± 28.1 | 160 ± 28.3 | 149 ± 26.9 | 0.0006 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 88.5 ± 23.7 | 93 ± 23.2 | 84 ± 23.3 | 0.0008 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.1 ± 11.8 | 54 ± 10.9 | 48 ± 12.1 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 73.9 ± 38.9 | 65 ± 28.4 | 82 ± 45 | 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 76.9 ± 13.8 | 69 ± 13.1 | 84 ± 10.2 | <0.0001 |
| CV risk cluster score with waist | 0.03 ± 0.6 | −0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.38 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| cIMT (mm) | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.9 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Total-C, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; cIMT, carotid intima media thickness; CV, cardiovascular.