Table 3.
Association between markers of green and blue space and birthweight in grams (95% confidence intervals) and between green and blue space and relative odds of small for gestational age (95% CI) among 56,633 term births in Rhode Island.
| Unadjusted | + adjustment for patient demographics and markers of individual SESb | + adjustment for markers of neighborhood SESc | +adjustment for town of residenced | + adjustment for all other available environmental variablese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (g) | |||||
| NDVI (500 m buffer) | 57.8 (51.7, 63.9) *** | 7.4 (0.4, 14.4)* | 7.7 (−0.5, 15.9) | −9.4 (−21.7, 2.9) | −9.1 (−21.6 3.5) |
| Proximity to recreational facilities (500 m) | −39.3 (−47.2, −31.4)*** | −3.4 (−11.1, 4.3) | −0.1 (−8.6, 8.3) | 2.0 (−6.6, 10.6) | −0.1 (−2.2, 2.0) |
| Proximity to coast (1000m) | 23.4 (14.0, 32.8)*** | 0.3 (−8.5, 9.0) | 1.2 (−7.7, 10.1) | 2.3 (−8.8, 13.4) | 0.6 (−2.0, 3.3) |
| Proximity to coast (500m) | 28.4 (15.7, 41.1)*** | −3.5 (−15.3, 8.3) | −3.2 (−15.1, 8.7) | −6.2 (−19.8, 7.4) | −1.5 (−4.8, 1.8) |
| Proximity to freshwater (500m) | 5.4 (−2.8, 13.7) | 12.1 (4.5, 19.7) ** | 11.7 (4.1, 19.4)** | 10.2 (2.1, 18.3)* | 10.1 (2.0, 18.2)* |
| Small for Gestational Age | |||||
| NDVI (500 m buffer)a | 0.73 (0.69, 0.76)*** | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98)* | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) |
| Proximity to recreational facilities (500 m) | 1.27 (1.19, 1.35)*** | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Proximity to coast (1000m) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95)** | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
| Proximity to coast (500m) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) |
| Proximity to freshwater (500m) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) |
significant at p<0.05,
significant at p<0.01,
significant at p<0.001;
Odds ratios are per one interquartile range increase in NDVI;
Adjusted for mother’s age, prenatal visits, tobacco use, parity, education, race, insurance, marital status, and gestational age;
Adjusted for variables inb plus NSES z-score;
Adjusted for variables inc plus town of residence;
Adjusted for variables ind plus (except when variable is the exposure of interest) NDVI (500 m buffer), residential proximity within 500 meters of a recreational facility, residential proximity within 1,000 meters of the coast, residential proximity within 500 meters of a freshwater body, and residential proximity to roadways (within 150 m of an A2 roadway or within 50 m of an A1 roadway)