Table 1.
Participant characteristics at the beginning and end of the first semester, by sex, for first year students
| Characteristics | Baseline N=241 |
End of Fall Semester N=173§ |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Females N=125 |
Males N=116 |
Females N=93 |
Males N=80 |
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|
|
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| Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
P | Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
P | |
|
|
||||||
| Psycho-behavioral Constructs | ||||||
| Total TFEQ† | 40.2 (7.4) |
35.2 (7.7) |
<0.0001 | 40.8 (7.2) |
34.8 (7.6) |
<0.0001 |
| Cognitive Restraint† | 46.5 (21.8) |
31.3 (23.4) |
<0.0001 | 48.4 (20.6) |
33.9 (20.7) |
<0.0001 |
| Disinhibited Eating† | 37.8 (18.6) |
34.6 (18.3) |
0.2221 | 38.5 (16.1) |
32.0 (16.4) |
0.0147 |
| Emotional Eating† | 39.5 (24.3) |
25.2 (25.0) |
<0.0001 | 42.0 (24.5) |
22.9 (22.4) |
<0.0001 |
| Eating Competence | 31.5 (7.2) |
33.8 (6.3) |
0.0408 | 32.2 (7.0) |
33.3 (6.6) |
0.3164 |
| Perceived Stress | 15.1 (5.5) |
14.2 (6.7) |
0.2106 | 17.9 (6.4) |
14.7 (7.8) |
0.0080 |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 58.2 (9.8) |
70.0 (11.6) |
<0.0001 | 59.4 (9.6) |
71.6 (10.4) |
<0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.5 (3.0) |
22.4 (3.1) |
0.0057 | 22.1 (3.0) |
22.9 (2.7) |
0.0201 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 69.9 (7.0) |
76.6 (8.1) |
<0.0001 | 71.4 (7.2) |
78.5 (7.1) |
<0.0001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 96.2 (7.3) |
95.8 (7.4) |
0.6663 | 97.5 (6.9) |
96.6 (6.3) |
0.3260 |
| Body Composition (DXA) | ||||||
| Total body fat (%) | 26.0 (5.5) |
15.7 (5.2) |
<0.0001 | |||
| Truncal body fat (%) | 21.5 (6.4) |
13.3 (5.9) |
<0.0001 | |||
| Fat mass index (fat mass, kg/ht, m2) | 5.8 (2.0) |
3.7 (1.8) |
<0.0001 | |||
| Energy Expenditure | ||||||
| Total physical activity (MET·hr/d)‡ | 9.8 (10.1) |
10.4 (11.0) |
0.7803 | 11.7 (9.4) |
9.6 (7.1) |
0.1986 |
| Sedentary time (hr/d) | 6.2 (2.9) |
6.5 (3.0) |
0.3668 | 7.1 (3.4) |
7.4 (3.7) |
0.6292 |
| Moderate intensity PA (hr/wk) | 6.8 (9.6) |
6.4 (8.2) |
0.8427 | 4.9 (5.9) |
3.6 (4.6) |
0.0890 |
| Vigorous intensity PA (hr/wk) | 3.9 (5.4) |
4.9 (6.7) |
0.2668 | 3.2 (5.5) |
2.7 (4.2) |
0.9532 |
| Dietary Intake | ||||||
| Self-reported total meals/d | 3.0 (0.6) |
2.9 (0.6) |
0.2464 | 2.6 (0.7) |
2.6 (0.6) |
0.9869 |
| Self-reported total snacks/d | 2.5 (1.4) |
2.3 (1.7) |
0.1851 | 2.4 (1.3) |
1.7 (1.0) |
0.0028 |
| Usual energy intake (kcal/d) | 1797 (727) |
2305 (751) |
<0.0001 | |||
| Energy from carbohydrate (%) | 48.6 (7.2) |
49.1 (7.6) |
0.7872 | |||
| Energy from protein (%) | 16.2 (3.1) |
16.1 (3.1) |
0.8151 | |||
| Energy from fat (%) | 32.6 (6.5) |
32.2 (6.1) |
0.5193 | |||
| Fall Dining Hall Use (semester cumulative) | ||||||
| Visits per day (average swipes/day) | 1.5 (0.3) |
1.7 (0.3) |
0.0024 | |||
| Total dining hall visits (total swipe count) | 130.3 (35.3) |
150.5 (39.5) |
0.0006 | |||
| Total days of dining hall use (count of days swiped) | 83.5 (11.8) |
88.5 (11.6) |
0.0003 | |||
Sex differences tested by Student’s t-test for variables meeting test assumptions, otherwise, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test used; all tests two-sided
§
N=68 participants lost to follow-up (baseline data but no anthropometry data at end of fall semester)
†
Total TFEQ score is the sum of the three domain raw scores, and ranges from 0-76. In contrast to the total TFEQ score, domain scores were transformed and each domain ranges from 0-100 Shaded cells indicate variables were not measured at time-point