Table 1.

Summary data for subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and control subjects at each bolus volume. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (range). PES = pharyngo-esophageal segment; TB = tongue base; PAS = penetration-aspiration scale (minimum score is 1); 2D = two-dimensional; 3D = three-dimensional; UES = upper esophageal sphincter; maxP = maximum pressure; CV = coefficient of variation (unitless). Group differences at individual bolus volumes for each parameter were not calculated to avoid Type I error inherent in performing multiple statistical comparisons.

Parameter
	2 cc		10 cc		Sip
	PD	Control	PD	Control	PD	Control
Videofluoroscopic
Swallow initiation	0.1±1.2 (0 – 3)	1.1±1.1 (0 – 3)	1.0±1.1 (0 – 3)	0.9±1.1 (0 – 3)	1.2±1.2 (0 – 3)	1.5±1.2 (0 – 3)
Laryngeal movement	0.0±0.0 (0)	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.0±0.2 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)
Hyoid movement	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.3±0.5 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.3±0.5 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)
Epiglottic movement	0.3±0.5 (0 – 2)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.5 (0 – 2)	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)	0.3±0.5 (0 – 2)	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)
Pharyngeal stripping wave	0.3±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.3±0.5 (0 – 1)	0.1±0.4 (0 – 1)
PES opening	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)	0.3±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)	0.1±0.3 (0 – 1)	0.2±0.4 (0 – 1)
TB retraction	0.9±0.5 (0 – 2)	0.9±0.4 (0 – 2)	1.1±0.7 (0 – 2)	0.8±0.6 (0 – 2)	1.3±0.6 (0 – 2)	1.2±0.7 (0 – 3)
Residue score	1.3±0.6 (0 – 2)	1.1±0.4 (0 – 2)	1.5±0.6 (0 – 3)	1.3±0.5 (0 – 2)	1.6±0.6 (0 – 3)	1.7±0.5 (1 – 2)
Locations with residue	2.2±1.3 (0 – 4)	2.4±1.2 (0 – 4)	2.2±1.2 (0 – 4)	2.5±1.1 (0 – 4)	2.9±1.3 (0 – 4)	3.2±1.1 (1 – 4)
PAS	1.3±0.6 (1 – 3)	1.2±0.4 (1 – 2)	1.7±1.4 (1 – 8)	1.3±0.5 (1 – 3)	1.6±0.7 (1 – 4)	1.7±1.1 (1 – 6)
Manometric
Velopharynx
Duration (s)	0.87±0.24	0.84±0.16	0.89±0.27	0.88±0.23	0.89±0.26	0.94±0.22
Rise time (s)	0.32±0.22	0.31±0.13	0.34±0.22	0.36±0.22	0.33±0.22	0.42±0.20
Rise rate (mmHg/s)	734±346	732±277	685±331	737±388	708±495	616±343
Fall time (s)	0.55±0.12	0.53±0.14	0.55±0.14	0.52±0.17	0.56±0.18	0.52±0.17
Max pressure (mmHg)	158±60	176±53	161±57	184±47	163±57	181±42
2D integral (mmHg*s)	66±44	74±34	75±42	81±34	81±46	87±33
3D integral (mmHg*s)	129±101	134±77	151±93	152±74	160±101	171±83
Mesopharynx
Duration (s)	0.85±0.26	0.73±0.19	0.82±0.29	0.76±0.22	0.78±0.21	0.76±0.19
Rise time (s)	0.48±0.19	0.45±0.12	0.48±0.20	0.47±0.16	0.46±0.14	0.48±0.15
Rise rate (mmHg/s)	379±149	462±162	447±344	420±139	404±273	459±265
Fall time (s)	0.37±0.15	0.29±0.14	0.34±0.20	0.29±0.13	0.32±0.18	0.28±0.13
Max pressure (mmHg)	162±67	184±45	157±67	174±50	147±46	178±47
2D integral (mmHg*s)	43±25	42±16	40±26	41±18	40±27	41±18
3D integral (mmHg*s)	155±93	160±70	153±116	145±63	156±108	146±58
UES
Pre-UES maxP (mmHg)	118±41	114±43	97±33	102±40	91±37	95±42
Post-UES maxP (mmHg)	188±44	218±65	205±42	223±64	209±52	229±64
Min pressure (mmHg)	−6±10	−8±6	−3±5	−6±5	−3±10	−5±4
Nadir duration (s)	0.52±0.14	0.51±0.18	0.55±0.15	0.52±0.19	0.51±0.14	0.53±0.19
2D integral (mmHg*s)	36±19	43±27	50±26	50±27	54±32	57±33
3D integral (mmHg*s)	97±60	111±87	145±91	122±88	147±83	136±85
Swallow duration (s)	1.05±0.22	0.98±0.20	1.11±0.23	1.06±0.19	1.14±0.24	1.13±0.20
Variability
CV velopharynx	0.78±0.77	0.53±0.28	1.01±1.02	0.62±0.51	1.10±1.33	0.57±0.28
CV tongue base	0.87±0.54	0.79±0.62	1.55±1.39	0.91±0.68	0.97±0.49	0.86±0.48
CV hypopharynx	1.08±0.78	0.88±0.62	1.90±2.28	1.18±1.00	1.28±1.13	0.83±0.45
CV mesopharynx	4.03±2.16	6.17±3.73	1.73±1.42	1.03±0.68	1.11±0.58	0.86±0.37
CV UES	0.82±0.60	0.80±0.48	0.98±1.03	0.95±1.58	2.15±5.43	1.06±0.92
CV total	3.55±1.70	3.00±1.25	5.43±3.89	3.66±1.93	5.50±6.76	3.31±1.39