Table 3.

Standardized β-coefficients from multiple linear regression analysis of glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and insulin secretory capacity in the 4-year longitudinal study in subgroups.

		Change in HOMA-IR		Change in ISIcomp		Change in ΔI30/ΔG30		Change in (ΔI30/ΔG30)/HOMA-IR
		β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
Prediabetes†	25(OH)D	−0.151	0.001	0.050	0.303	−0.048	0.342	−0.047	0.328
	FH of diabetes	0.142	0.003	−0.127	0.009	−0.089	0.072	−0.099	0.042
	Change in BMI	0.140	0.003	−0.074	0.128	0.048	0.342	−0.009	0.854
	Change in SBP	0.070	0.136	−0.023	0.632	−0.084	0.095	−0.103	0.034
	Change in TG	0.056	0.235	0.013	0.785	0.006	0.913	0.005	0.915
	Change in TC	0.039	0.826	−0.116	0.018	−0.040	0.428	−0.033	0.502
Type 2 diabetes†	25(OH)D	−0.203	0.001	0.129	0.006	−0.053	0.277	−0.048	0.306
	FH of diabetes	0.147	0.001	−0.156	0.001	−0.084	0.080	−0.092	0.050
	Change in BMI	0.082	0.066	−0.029	0.538	0.042	0.392	−0.012	0.804
	Change in SBP	0.081	0.073	−0.045	0.331	−0.082	0.089	−0.099	0.035
	Change in TG	0.089	0.050	0.006	0.906	−0.042	0.386	0.007	0.875
	Change in TC	0.069	0.125	−0.129	0.006	0.009	0.179	−0.035	0.455

β-coefficient was calculated with the use of multiple linear regression analysis (forward). ^†Independent variables included in the regression model: baseline 25(OH)D level, age, sex, FH of diabetes, change in BMI, change in WHR, change in SBP, change in TG, and change in TC, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption during follow-up. 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FH: family history; WHR: waist/hip ratio; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index; ISIcomp: insulin sensitive index composite; ΔI30/ΔG30: the ratio of the incremental insulin to glucose responses over the first 30 min during the OGTT.