Table 2.
Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, total and by gender
| Total | Females | Males | Difference by Gender | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | p-value | |
|
| ||||
| ACE Score | 7.31 (2.78) | 7.21 (2.72) | 7.44 (2.84) | 0.527 |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value | |
|
|
||||
| Distribution of ACEs | 0.547 | |||
| Lower: 0–3 | 25 (10%) | 15 (11%) | 10 (9%) | |
| Higher: 4–7 | 94 (38%) | 47 (35%) | 47 (41%) | |
| Very high: 8–13 | 130 (52%) | 73 (54%) | 57 (50%) | |
| Individual ACE | ||||
| Physical abuse | 144 (59%) | 77 (57%) | 67 (60%) | 0.708 |
| Emotional abuse | 179 (72%) | 98 (73%) | 81 (72%) | 0.799 |
| Sexual abuse | 83 (34%) | 45 (34%) | 38 (34%) | 0.915 |
| Physical neglect | 120 (49%) | 65 (49%) | 55 (49%) | 0.925 |
| Emotional neglect | 204 (82%) | 110 (81%) | 94 (82%) | 0.749 |
| Substance abuser in household | 68 (28%) | 33 (26%) | 35 (29%) | 0.614 |
| Incarcerated household member | 76 (31%) | 44 (34%) | 32 (28%) | 0.375 |
| Someone with mental health issues in household | 38 (16%) | 20 (15%) | 18 (17%) | 0.768 |
| Witnessed domestic violence | 203 (82%) | 109 (81%) | 94 (82%) | 0.728 |
| Parents dead or divorced | 186 (75%) | 104 (78%) | 82 (73%) | 0.360 |
| Bullied | 152 (62%) | 75 (56%) | 77 (70%) | 0.024 |
| Community violence | 226 (91%) | 120 (90%) | 106 (93%) | 0.344 |
| Collective violence | 122 (49%) | 62 (46%) | 60 (53%) | 0.285 |