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. 2018 Mar 26;12:18. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2018.00018

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Copyright © 2018 Shirvalkar, Veuthey, Dawes and Chang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Block Diagram schematics of closed-loop control systems. (A) Classical block diagram of a single-input, single-output negative feedback control system, where the measured output of the system is compared to a reference signal via a closed-loop, to modify the system output and minimize error [adapted from (Orzetto)]. (B) Example block diagram of a multi-input, multi-output closed-loop DBS system where a pain signal derived from biomarkers is compared to a reference signal via a feedback loop. Multi-regional stimulation is triggered to bring the system closer into the reference state. The red box highlights elements of an open-loop paradigm. ^aAvailable online at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Feedback_loop_with_descriptions.svg (Accessed Nov 30, 2017).