Table 2.
Referenced and predicted targets correlated with constipation.
| Target | Full name | Linked compoundsa | Links with constipation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACHE | Acetylcholinesterase | Amygdalin; Naringin | The grade of ACHE expression in GI tissues correlates with eventual outcome and surgery requirement in patients with refractory constipation. More aggressive therapies are needed by patients with high-grade ACHE-positive distribution (Kobayashi et al., 2002). Acotiamide, a selective inhibitor of ACHE, was shown to stimulate GI motor activity in conscious dogs and approved for treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia (Nagahama et al., 2012; Nolan and Scott, 2013). |
| ADORA1 | Adenosine A1 receptor | Naringin | Highly selective A1 and A2A agonists induce constipation in rats (Coupar and Tran, 2002). |
| CNR1 | Cannabinoid receptor 1 | Honokiol | Activation of CNR1 receptors inhibits the transmission of excitatory enteric neurons, leading to reduction of motility (Aviello et al., 2008). The inverse agonist of CNR1, taranabant, increased intestinal transit and reduced abdominal pain in mice (Fichna et al., 2013). |
| CYP19A1 | cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (aromatase) | Honokiol; Naringin | Aromatase is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of estrogens (Czajka-Oraniec and Simpson, 2010). Estrogen cause constipation in both female and male mice (Oh et al., 2013). |
| ESR2 | estrogen receptor 2 | Emodin; Honokiol | ESR2 is expressed in rectal samples of all controls, and decreased in obstructed defecation patients enteric neurons and glial cells (Bassotti et al., 2012). ESR2 is expressed in surface epithelial cells of proximal colon, and increased significantly during pregnancy in rats. ESR2 is implicated in constipation in pregnancy (Choijookhuu et al., 2012). |
| PTGS1 | prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 | Honokiol | Patients with slow transit constipation (STC) have lower PTGS1 protein and mRNA than controls (Cong et al., 2007). |
| PTGS2 | prostaglandin H2 synthase 2 | Honokiol | Patients with STC have higher PTGS2 protein and mRNA than controls (Cong et al., 2007). |
aCompound name in bold represents that compound-target link are supported by reference.