Table 1.
Baseline participants’ characteristics
| Variables | All Subjects (N = 85) |
Favorable outcome (N = 40) |
Unfavorable outcome (N = 45) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37.22 ± 9.35 | 36.51 ± 10.40 | 37.83 ± 8.38 |
| Gender (% men) | 88.2 | 85.0 | 91.1 |
| Weight (kg) | 86.27 ± 18.57 | 83.82 ± 16.78 | 88.46 ± 19.96 |
| Height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.08 | 1.74 ± 0.08 | 1.74 ± 0.07 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.93 ± 5.93 | 27.51 ± 4.65 | 28.29 ± 6.90 |
| Number of months in the army | 158.30 ± 111.58 | 147.25 ± 112.34 | 168.34 ± 111.21 |
| History of LBP (%) | 74.1 | 70.0 | 77.8 |
| Number of months since last onset of LBP | 16.28 ± 32.19 | 12.12 ± 20.34 | 19.69 ± 39.38 |
| Number of treatments received before first evaluation* | 4.94 ± 5.81 | 3.14 ± 3.81 | 6.85 ± 6.92 |
| Referred pain in lower limb (%) | 31.8 | 22.5 | 40.0 |
| Work restriction (%)* | 51.8 | 40.0 | 62.2 |
| Work restriction of 6 months or more (%)* | 30.6 | 15.0 | 44.4 |
| Numbness and tingling sensation (%) | 23.5 | 22.2 | 26.7 |
| Prone instability test (%) | 66.2 | 71.4 | 61.1 |
| Use of antidepressants (%)* | 15.3 | 5.0 | 24.4 |
| Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (%) | 29.4 | 32.5 | 26.7 |
| Pain in sitting position (VAS 0–100) | 77.6 | 77.5 | 77.8 |
| Pain in lying position* (VAS 0–100) | 37.5 | 25.0 | 48.9 |
| Pain in standing position (VAS 0–100) | 84.7 | 75.0 | 93.3 |
| Pain during walking (VAS 0–100) | 40.0 | 32.5 | 46.7 |
| Pain when coughing or sneezing (VAS 0–100) | 28.2 | 25.0 | 31.1 |
| Tingling or numbness in the lower limbs (VAS 0–100) | 24.7 | 20.0 | 26.7 |
*Significant difference between the favorable outcome group and unfavorable outcome group (p < 0.10; univariate analyses). Continuous variables are shown as Mean ± 1 Standard Deviation, while categorical variables are shown as %