Figure 1.

Boxplot of standard effect sizes of mean pairwise PD in each parasite group stratified by transmission mode. Negative values indicate that a parasite species tends to infect host species that are more closely related than expected by chance (under the null model). Conversely, positive values indicate the opposite. In terms of deviation from the null model, 12.4% of standard effect sizes are significantly negative (none of the positive values are statistically significant). Solid horizontal line indicates the global median standard effect size (−0.93).