Figure 3.

Mean (±s.e.) growth efficiency of offspring Nucella lapillus in the presence (circles) and absence (triangles) of current predation risk from the green crab Carcinus maenas. Offspring experienced the presence and absence of green crab predation risk as embryos and were produced by parents that experienced the presence (filled symbols) and absence (open symbols) of green crab predation risk. The three-way interaction is not significant here (parental × embryonic × current: p = 0.5), but is shown for ease of comparison to figure 2. n = 8 for all treatment combinations except: −parental risk/−embryonic risk/+current risk and +parental risk/+embryonic risk/+current risk. (Online version in colour.)