Table 1.

Summary of studies using 3D graphene-based substrate for differentiation of MSCs

3D platform	Type of carbon-based material	Type of cells	Outcomes	Reference
GFs	Graphene foam	hBMMSCs	GFs promoted osteogenic differentiation without the use of chemical inducers.	[81]
rGO-Collagen hybrid (PADM-rGO)	Reduced Graphene Oxide	rBMMSCs	PADM-rGO promoted the differentiation of MSCs into neural cells after 7 days under neural differentiation condition.	[102]
GC	Graphene	hBMMSCs	The graphene / calcium silicate (GC) composite coating promoted adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and greatly increased the expression of genes involved in differentiation	[94]
HAp	Reduced Graphene Oxide	hMSCs	rGO - coated HA not only significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation capacity of hMSC in osteogenic medium, but also significantly increased differentiation ability in basal medium.	[51]
GO-PEDOT	Reduced Graphene Oxide	hBMMSCs	GO-PEDOT controlled osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs through electrical stimulation.	[99]

hBMMSC human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cell, GF graphene foam, GC graphene/calcium silicate, HAp hydroxlyapatite, PEDOT poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxyphene)