Table 1.
Sample Descriptive Statistics (N = 11,861)
| Variable | Mean | SE | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Focal independent variable | ||||
| Parent ever incarcerated | 0.12 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Focal dependent variables | ||||
| Friendship nominations received | 4.44 | (0.03) | 0 | 32 |
| Friendship nominations made | 4.39 | (0.03) | 0 | 10 |
| Centrality (friends’ social connectedness) | 0.80 | (0.01) | 0 | 4.29 |
| Reach (connectedness via friends-of-friends) | 576.47 | (4.55) | 0 | 1791 |
| Has a best friend | 0.75 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Density (cohesion among friends) | 0.30 | (0.00) | 0.06 | 1 |
| Friends’ GPA | 2.80 | (0.01) | 1 | 4 |
| Friends’ smoking | 1.11 | (0.01) | 0 | 6 |
| Friends’ drinking | 1.18 | (0.01) | 0 | 6 |
| Friends’ getting drunk | 0.66 | (0.01) | 0 | 6 |
| Friends’ lying | 2.15 | (0.01) | 0 | 6 |
| Friends’ skipping school | 0.56 | (0.01) | 0 | 6 |
| Friends’ fighting | 0.73 | (0.01) | 0 | 4 |
| Adolescent not in any school clubs | 0.16 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Adolescent has trouble with teachers | 1.22 | (0.01) | 0 | 4 |
| Adolescent has trouble with other students | 1.57 | (0.01) | 0 | 4 |
| Adolescent does not feel close to others at school | 2.46 | (0.01) | 1 | 5 |
| Adolescent does not feel part of school | 2.46 | (0.01) | 1 | 5 |
| Adolescent does not feel socially accepted | 2.25 | (0.01) | 1 | 5 |
| Covariates | ||||
| Adolescent’s agea | 14.99 | (0.02) | 10 | 19 |
| Adolescent is malea | 0.48 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Blacka | 0.23 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Hispanica | 0.15 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Other non-White race / ethnicitya | 0.09 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Household socioeconomic status | 0.07 | (0.01) | -2.19 | 1.84 |
| Parental economic hardship | 0.18 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Intact family during adolescence | 0.54 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Number of siblingsa | 1.20 | (0.01) | 0 | 2 |
| Mother-adolescent separation | 0.15 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Father-adolescent separation | 0.44 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Maternal alcoholisma | 0.03 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Paternal alcoholisma | 0.15 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Mother-adolescent closeness | 4.43 | (0.01) | 1 | 5 |
| Father-adolescent closeness | 3.80 | (0.01) | 1 | 5 |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 0.13 | (0.01) | 0 | 5 |
| Residential mobility | 0.45 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| English-speaking householda | 0.90 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Immigranta | 0.08 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Low birth weighta | 0.14 | (0.00) | 0 | 1 |
| Mother’s age at adolescent’s birtha | 25.63 | (0.06) | 14 | 40 |
| Neighborhood disorder | 1.50 | (0.01) | 1 | 3 |
| Years at current school | 2.69 | (0.01) | 1 | 6 |
a
Included in reduced set of matching covariates
Source: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.