Table 3.
Unadjusted Associations between Risk Factors and Vitamin D Deficiency
| Risk Factor | Subcategory | N (%) | Deficient N (%) | OR* | 95% CI | p-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Total | 150 | 91(60.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Age Group | < 1 | 23(15.4) | 13(56.5) | 1 | Test-for- trend: 0.836 | |
| 1–2 | 34(22.8) | 23(67.7) | 1.61 | 0.54–4.80 | ||
| 2–3 | 35(23.5) | 17(48.6) | 0.73 | 0.25–2.10 | ||
| 3–4 | 35(23.5) | 24(68.6) | 1.68 | 0.56–4.99 | ||
| 4+ | 22(14.8) | 13(59.1) | 1.11 | 0.34–3.63 | ||
| Gender | Male | 77(51.3) | 42(54.6) | 1 | 0.114 | |
| Female | 73(48.7) | 49(67.1) | 1.70 | 0.88–3.30 | ||
| Season of Birth | Winter(Oct-Mar) | 76(51.0) | 44(57.9) | 1 | 0.523 | |
| Summer(Apr-Sept) | 73(49.0) | 46(63.1) | 1.24 | 0.64–2.39 | ||
| Mother’s Education | Illiterate/Elementary | 5(3.4) | 3(60.0) | 1 | Test-for trend: 0.268 | |
| Preparatory/Secondary | 85(57.4) | 56(65.9) | 1.29 | 0.20–8.14 | ||
| Diploma/BA/Postgrad | 58(39.2) | 32(55.2) | 0.82 | 0.18–5.28 | ||
| Province | West Bank | 75(50.0) | 42(56.0) | 1 | 0.242 | |
| Gaza Strip | 75(50.0) | 49(65.3) | 1.48 | 0.77–2.86 | ||
| Regionsa | North WB | 32(21.3) | 17(53.1) | 1 | 0.206 | |
| Middle WB | 17(11.3) | 11(64.7) | 1.61 | 0.481–5.44 | ||
| South WB | 26(17.3) | 14(53.9) | 1.03 | 0.36–8.52 | ||
| North Gaza | 35(23.3) | 27(77.1) | 2.97 | 1.04–8.52 | ||
| South Gaza | 40(26.7) | 22(55.0) | 1.09 | 0.42–2.74 | ||
| Type of Community | City | 55(36.7) | 37(67.3) | 1 | 0.213 | |
| Village | 46(30.7) | 23(50.0) | 0.49 | 0.22–1.09 | ||
| Camp | 46(30.7) | 30(65.2) | 0.91 | 0.40–2.09 | ||
| Bedouin camp | 3(2.0) | 1(33.3) | 0.24 | 0.02–2.86 | ||
| Has your child ever been breastfed?b | Yes | 148(98.7) | 91(61.5) | N/A | N/A | Fishers exact: 0.153 |
| No | 2(1.3) | 0 | N/A | N/A | ||
| Is the child still breastfeeding? | Yes | 25(16.9) | 16(64.0) | 1 | 0.776 | |
| No | 123(83.1) | 75(61.0) | 0.88 | 0.36–2.15 | ||
| Child received feeding at < 6 months of age? | Yes | 57(38.0) | 32(56.1) | 1 | 0.375 | |
| No | 93(62.0) | 59(63.4) | 1.35 | 0.69–2.66 | ||
| Has the child taken vitamin A&D drops? | Yes | 132(89.2) | 76(57.6) | 1 | Fishers exact: 0.003 | |
| No | 16(10.8) | 15(93.8) | 11.1 | 1.42–86.2 | ||
| Is the child currently taking the drops? | Yes | 16(12.2) | 5(31.3) | 1 | 0.025 | |
| No | 115(87.8) | 70(60.9) | 3.42 | 1.11–10.5 | ||
| Where does the child receive the drops? | MOH | 64(48.5) | 38(59.4) | 1 | Fishers exact: 0.927 | |
| UNWRA | 37(28.0) | 20(54.1) | 0.80 | 0.36–1.82 | ||
| NGOs | 1(0.8) | 1(100) | 1 | N/A | ||
| Private | 30(22.7) | 17(56.7) | 0.89 | 0.37–2.15 | ||
| Medical Missions | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
*Unadjusted odds ratios from bivariable statistical analyses
aDistricts grouped into regions due to small numbers. North West Bank (WB): Jenin, Tulkram, Nablus, Qalqiliya, Salfit, Tubas; Middle West Bank: Ramallah & Al-Bireh, Jericho & Aghwar, Jerusalem; South West Bank: Bethlehem, Hebron, South Hebron; North Gaza: North Gaza, Gaza; South Gaza: Deir El Balah, Khan Yunis, Rafah
bNo OR due to collinearity
cp-value from chi-squared test unless otherwise stated