Fig. 1.

The Warburg effect and cancer cachexia a. The Warburg effect in cancer cells increases glucose expenditure and lactate production in the tumour carrier. The cancer-produced lactate is recycled to glucose in the liver. When the glucose is put back in the blood, cancer cells may take it for glycolysis again. b The Warburg effect increases both energy expenditure and hepatic glucose production (HGP). Thus, fat lipolysis and skeletal-muscle proteolysis increase to mobilize more glucose precursors. Consequently, body weight decreases