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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Nephrol. 2018 Mar;38(2):142–150. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.01.005

Figure 1. Renal Arterio-Venous Metabolite Gradients in Humans.

Figure 1

Mean venous to arterial ratios for ~220 metabolites, ordered left to right on the x-axis from lowest to highest ratio. For any given metabolite, [V]/[A] <1 is consistent with net renal uptake, whether via filtration, secretion, and/or metabolism, whereas [V]/[A] >1 suggests net release by the kidney. Representative metabolites, including creatinine, kynurenic acid, choline, and citrulline are highlighted.