Table 4. Multivariable linear regression models of factors predicting sexual and reproductive health stigma.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adj. β | (95% CI) | Adj. β | (95% CI) | Adj. β | (95% CI) | Adj. β | (95% CI) | |||||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age | -0.12 | (-0.28, 0.05) | -0.12 | (-0.28, 0.04) | -0.14 | (-0.29, 0.00) | -0.17 | (-0.24, -0.09) | *** | |||
| City | ||||||||||||
| Kumasi | -0.68 | (-1.83, 0.47) | -0.60 | (-1.86, 0.67) | -0.98 | (-2.10, 0.15) | -0.83 | (-1.69, 0.02) | ||||
| Accra | ref | ref | ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Religious Affiliation | ||||||||||||
| Muslim | 0.41 | (-1.27, 2.09) | 0.37 | (-1.09, 1.83) | 0.15 | (-1.28, 1.58) | ||||||
| Christian/Other | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
| Religious importance | ||||||||||||
| Religion extremely/very important | 0.54 | (-0.17, 1.25) | 0.36 | (-0.28, 1.00) | 0.48 | (-0.12, 1.09) | ||||||
| Religion important/somewhat/not important | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| Completed secondary school or more | -1.52 | (-2.34, -0.70) | ** | -1.55 | (-2.42, -0.69) | ** | -1.27 | (-1.97, -0.57) | ** | -1.22 | (-1.82, -0.63) | ** |
| Less than secondary school | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Employed in last seven days | -0.21 | (-1.62, 1.19) | -0.23 | (-1.71, 1.25) | -0.25 | (-1.65, 1.15) | ||||||
| Not employed | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
| Relationship status | ||||||||||||
| Married or engaged | -0.50 | (-2.00, 1.00) | -0.46 | (-1.93, 1.01) | -0.78 | (-2.24, 0.68) | ||||||
| In a romantic or sexual relationship | -0.83 | (-1.56, -0.09) | * | -0.80 | (-1.46, -0.14) | * | -0.78 | (-1.70, 0.14) | ||||
| Not in a relationship | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
| Health & Wellbeing | ||||||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
| Excellent/very good | 0.72 | (0.06, 1.38) | * | 0.79 | (0.17, 1.41) | * | 0.89 | (0.20, 1.58) | * | |||
| <very good | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
| aDepression symptoms | -0.11 | (-0.53, 0.32) | -0.11 | (-0.51, 0.30) | ||||||||
| bStress symptoms | -0.05 | (-0.37, 0.28) | -0.03 | (-0.32, 0.26) | ||||||||
| cStressful life events | 0.08 | (-0.18, 0.34) | 0.05 | (-0.23, 0.32) | ||||||||
| Sexual & Reproductive History | ||||||||||||
| Ever had sexual intercourse with male partner | -0.59 | (-1.60, 0.41) | -1.32 | (-2.10, -0.55) | ** | |||||||
| Never had sex | ref | ref | ||||||||||
| Ever sexually assaulted | -0.20 | (-0.50, 0.10) | ||||||||||
| Never sexually assaulted | ref | |||||||||||
| Ever received family planning services | -0.39 | (-0.97, 0.18) | ||||||||||
| Never received services | ref | |||||||||||
| Ever used modern contraception | -0.28 | (-1.21, 0.66) | ||||||||||
| Never used modern contraception | ref | |||||||||||
| Ever pregnant | 1.86 | (0.81, 2.90) | ** | 1.53 | (0.51, 2.56) | ** | ||||||
| Never pregnant | ref | ref | ||||||||||
| R2 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | ||||||||
| N | 1057 | 1053 | 1005 | 1055 | ||||||||
*p<0.05.
**p<0.01.
***p<0.001 (two-tailed tests).
Notes: Results presented as adjusted beta (β) coefficients with 95% confidence intervals from multivariable linear regression models adjusting for cluster effect for recruitment site and fixed effect for city. M3 and M4 results are similar when ever sex with male partner is replaced by number of lifetime sex partners.
a-bResponses to individual Likert items measuring depression and stress symptoms (from the Patient Health Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale): 1 = Never/Not at all; 2 = Only 1–2 times per month/Almost never; 3 = 3–4 times per month/Sometimes/; 4 = At least once a week/Fairly often; 5 = Almost every day/ Very often.
cMean stressful life events score measured via 14-item additive index scale (range 0–14).