Fig. 4.

CEPT1-derived pPEs contribute to AA production. LDL particles internalized by vascular macrophages and smooth muscle cells are oxidized (ox-LDL). The ox-LDL is hydrolyzed in the cellular lysosomes and peroxisomes to generate triglycerides (TGs) and free fatty acids. Through the Kennedy pathway, free fatty acids are utilized in the de novo biosynthesis of pPEs. Hydrolysis of pPEs by cPLA₂ leads to production of AA, which may be released into the extracellular space to alter plaque physiology and progression. pPEs can also be converted to PSs in the ER via PS synthases.