Table 3.
Factors associated with the diagnosis of TB – matched analysis, n=262 (131 matched pairs)
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| What is your current marital status? | 0.375 | |||||
| Married/cohabitating | 1 | |||||
| Never married/cohabitating | 1.58 | (0.82, 3.05) | 0.174 | |||
| Divorced/separated | 1.64 | (0.50, 5.31) | 0.412 | |||
| Widowed and not cohabitating | 2.23 | (0.55, 9.04) | 0.263 | |||
| No response/missing | 0.53 | (0.05, 5.56) | 0.594 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Do you live in a rural or urban area? | ||||||
| Rural | 1 | |||||
| Urban | 0.60 | (0.35, 1.03) | 0.064 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| What is your place of origin? | 0.021 | 0.043 | ||||
| Where I currently live | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Another province | 0.48 | (0.26, 0.89) | 0.019 | 0.53 | (0.27, 1.02) | 0.058 |
| Another country | 2.83 | (0.58, 13.92) | 0.200 | 3.27 | (0.65, 16.48) | 0.151 |
| No response/missing | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
| ||||||
| What is your highest education level? | ||||||
| Below university level | 5.50 | (1.90, 15.97) | 0.002 | 4.45 | (1.5, 13.17) | 0.007 |
| University level | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No response/missing | N/A | N/A | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Are you employed? | ||||||
| No | 1.59 | (0.91, 2.75) | 0.102 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||||
| No response/missing | 1.26 | (0.17, 9.23) | 0.821 | |||
|
| ||||||
| What is your main occupation? | ||||||
| Civil servant or private employee | 1 | |||||
| Other occupation | 2.35 | (1.13, 4.85) | 0.021 | |||
| No response/missing | 2.42 | (1.18, 4.95) | 0.016 | |||
|
| ||||||
| How many persons live in your household? | 0.993 | |||||
| 1, myself | 1 | |||||
| 2-4 persons | 0.99 | (0.39, 2.50) | 0.978 | |||
| 5-7 persons | 1.04 | (0.36, 2.99) | 0.943 | |||
| >7 persons | 1.12 | (0.31, 4.08) | 0.862 | |||
| No response/missing | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| How many rooms (kitchen, living rooms, bedrooms) are there in your house/apartment? | 0.771 | |||||
| One | 1 | |||||
| Two | 0.93 | (0.31, 2.75) | 0.889 | |||
| Three | 1.43 | (0.50, 4.06) | 0.503 | |||
| Four | 1.01 | (0.35, 2.91) | 0.988 | |||
| Over four | 1.39 | (0.55, 3.52) | 0.489 | |||
| No response/missing | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Do you have a house with a tiled or iron sheet roof? | 0.823 | |||||
| Tiled | 1 | |||||
| Iron sheet | 1.09 | (0.47, 2.56) | 0.836 | |||
| Other | 1.22 | (0.66, 2.25) | 0.532 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| What type of toilets do you use? | ||||||
| Flush toilet | 1 | |||||
| Latrine | 0.93 | (0.49, 1.78) | 0.826 | |||
| Other | N/A | |||||
| No response/missing | 0.49 | (0.04, 5.44) | 0.560 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Do you regularly burn wood or coal inside your house? | ||||||
| No | 0.37 | (0.15, 0.88) | 0.024 | 0.43 | (0.18, 1.07) | 0.070 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No response/missing | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| What is the main source of drinking water you use at home? | 0.246 | |||||
| Piped water to your house/plot | 1 | |||||
| Well/bore water | 1.30 | (0.70, 2.42) | 0.405 | |||
| Mineral water | 0.65 | (0.31, 1.38) | 0.264 | |||
| Pond/river | 1.00 | (0.06, 15.99) | >0.999 | |||
| Other | 6.18 | (0.73, 52.34) | 0.095 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Do you eat proteins (meat, seafood, eggs, milk products, soya beans) | 0.437 | |||||
| Every day | 1 | |||||
| 2-3 times per week | 1.29 | (0.66, 2.51) | 0.455 | |||
| 1 time per week or less | 1.98 | (0.64, 6.07) | 0.235 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Smoking | 0.117 | |||||
| Currently smoke | 1 | |||||
| Previously smoked | 2.07 | (1.02, 4.21) | 0.045 | |||
| Never smoked | 1.38 | (0.59, 3.23) | 0.459 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Do you drink alcohol? | 0.285 | |||||
| Every day | 1 | |||||
| Occasionally | 0.37 | (0.11, 1.22) | 0.103 | |||
| Never | 0.44 | (0.13, 1.51) | 0.191 | |||
| Used to in the past, but stopped | 0.29 | (0.08, 1.04) | 0.057 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Do you use inject drugs such as heroin, opium, others? | 0.842 | |||||
| Every day | N/A | |||||
| >1/week but not every day | N/A | |||||
| Sometimes, <1/week | 1.42 | (0.44, 4.57) | 0.558 | |||
| Never | 1 | |||||
| Used in the past, but stopped | 1.05 | (0.43, 2.58) | 0.909 | |||
| No response/missing | 0.67 | (0.11, 3.99) | 0.657 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Have you ever been vaccinated against tuberculosis? | 0.287 | |||||
| Yes | 1 | |||||
| No | 1.19 | (0.62, 2.26) | 0.601 | |||
| Do not know | 0.71 | (0.34, 1.49) | 0.364 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Have you ever been diagnosed with diabetes? | ||||||
| Yes | N/A | |||||
| No | 1 | |||||
| Do not know | 1.17 | (0.54, 2.52) | 0.695 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Have you ever been diagnosed with increased lipids levels? | 0.788 | |||||
| Yes | 1 | |||||
| No | 1.08 | (0.21, 5.47) | 0.923 | |||
| Do not know | 0.85 | (0.16, 4.51) | 0.923 | |||
| No response/missing | 0.54 | (0.03, 9.8) | 0.923 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Do you regularly do physical exercise? | ||||||
| No | 1.50 | (0.83, 2.72) | 0.183 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Do you use public transport? | 0.456 | |||||
| Everyday | 1 | |||||
| Occasionally | 0.70 | (0.33, 1.47) | 0.346 | |||
| Never | 0.94 | (0.41, 2.14) | 0.881 | |||
| No response/missing | N/A | |||||
*
Global p-values are tests for heterogeneity excluding missing cases.
Smoking was not adjusted in the multivariate analysis.