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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018 Feb 1;22(2):179–186. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0348

Table 3.

Factors associated with the diagnosis of TB – matched analysis, n=262 (131 matched pairs)

Univariate Multivariate
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
What is your current marital status? 0.375
Married/cohabitating 1
Never married/cohabitating 1.58 (0.82, 3.05) 0.174
Divorced/separated 1.64 (0.50, 5.31) 0.412
Widowed and not cohabitating 2.23 (0.55, 9.04) 0.263
No response/missing 0.53 (0.05, 5.56) 0.594

Do you live in a rural or urban area?
Rural 1
Urban 0.60 (0.35, 1.03) 0.064
No response/missing N/A

What is your place of origin? 0.021 0.043
Where I currently live 1 1
Another province 0.48 (0.26, 0.89) 0.019 0.53 (0.27, 1.02) 0.058
Another country 2.83 (0.58, 13.92) 0.200 3.27 (0.65, 16.48) 0.151
No response/missing N/A N/A

What is your highest education level?
Below university level 5.50 (1.90, 15.97) 0.002 4.45 (1.5, 13.17) 0.007
University level 1 1
No response/missing N/A N/A

Are you employed?
No 1.59 (0.91, 2.75) 0.102
Yes 1
No response/missing 1.26 (0.17, 9.23) 0.821

What is your main occupation?
Civil servant or private employee 1
Other occupation 2.35 (1.13, 4.85) 0.021
No response/missing 2.42 (1.18, 4.95) 0.016

How many persons live in your household? 0.993
1, myself 1
2-4 persons 0.99 (0.39, 2.50) 0.978
5-7 persons 1.04 (0.36, 2.99) 0.943
>7 persons 1.12 (0.31, 4.08) 0.862
No response/missing

How many rooms (kitchen, living rooms, bedrooms) are there in your house/apartment? 0.771
One 1
Two 0.93 (0.31, 2.75) 0.889
Three 1.43 (0.50, 4.06) 0.503
Four 1.01 (0.35, 2.91) 0.988
Over four 1.39 (0.55, 3.52) 0.489
No response/missing

Do you have a house with a tiled or iron sheet roof? 0.823
Tiled 1
Iron sheet 1.09 (0.47, 2.56) 0.836
Other 1.22 (0.66, 2.25) 0.532
No response/missing N/A

What type of toilets do you use?
Flush toilet 1
Latrine 0.93 (0.49, 1.78) 0.826
Other N/A
No response/missing 0.49 (0.04, 5.44) 0.560

Do you regularly burn wood or coal inside your house?
No 0.37 (0.15, 0.88) 0.024 0.43 (0.18, 1.07) 0.070
Yes 1 1
No response/missing

What is the main source of drinking water you use at home? 0.246
Piped water to your house/plot 1
Well/bore water 1.30 (0.70, 2.42) 0.405
Mineral water 0.65 (0.31, 1.38) 0.264
Pond/river 1.00 (0.06, 15.99) >0.999
Other 6.18 (0.73, 52.34) 0.095
No response/missing N/A

Do you eat proteins (meat, seafood, eggs, milk products, soya beans) 0.437
Every day 1
2-3 times per week 1.29 (0.66, 2.51) 0.455
1 time per week or less 1.98 (0.64, 6.07) 0.235
No response/missing N/A

Smoking 0.117      
Currently smoke 1      
Previously smoked 2.07 (1.02, 4.21) 0.045      
Never smoked 1.38 (0.59, 3.23) 0.459      
No response/missing N/A      

Do you drink alcohol? 0.285
Every day 1
Occasionally 0.37 (0.11, 1.22) 0.103
Never 0.44 (0.13, 1.51) 0.191
Used to in the past, but stopped 0.29 (0.08, 1.04) 0.057
No response/missing N/A

Do you use inject drugs such as heroin, opium, others? 0.842
Every day N/A
>1/week but not every day N/A
Sometimes, <1/week 1.42 (0.44, 4.57) 0.558
Never 1
Used in the past, but stopped 1.05 (0.43, 2.58) 0.909
No response/missing 0.67 (0.11, 3.99) 0.657

Have you ever been vaccinated against tuberculosis? 0.287
Yes 1
No 1.19 (0.62, 2.26) 0.601
Do not know 0.71 (0.34, 1.49) 0.364
No response/missing N/A

Have you ever been diagnosed with diabetes?
Yes N/A
No 1
Do not know 1.17 (0.54, 2.52) 0.695
No response/missing N/A

Have you ever been diagnosed with increased lipids levels? 0.788
Yes 1
No 1.08 (0.21, 5.47) 0.923
Do not know 0.85 (0.16, 4.51) 0.923
No response/missing 0.54 (0.03, 9.8) 0.923

Do you regularly do physical exercise?
No 1.50 (0.83, 2.72) 0.183
Yes 1
No response/missing N/A

Do you use public transport? 0.456
Everyday 1
Occasionally 0.70 (0.33, 1.47) 0.346
Never 0.94 (0.41, 2.14) 0.881
No response/missing N/A
*

Global p-values are tests for heterogeneity excluding missing cases.

Smoking was not adjusted in the multivariate analysis.

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