Table 4.
Demographic and clinical data, as a function of results at cardiac magnetic resonance re‐conduction
|
All patients n = 27 |
CMR‐based diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosisa
n = 14 |
CMR‐based exclusion of cardiac sarcoidosis n = 13 |
P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.9 ± 11.8 | 48.8 ± 15.0 | 51.2 ± 7.4 | 0.60 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 16 (59.3%) | 7 (50.0%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.31 |
| Cardiac symptomatology, n (%)b | ||||
| Palpitation | 15 (55.6%) | 6 (42.9%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.17 |
| Chest pain | 15 (55.6%) | 6 (46.2%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.23 |
| Dizziness | 10 (37.0%) | 4 (30.8%) | 6 (46.2%) | 0.42 |
| Syncopal episodes | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | ||||
| No limitations | 1 (3.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.33 |
| I | 6 (22.2%) | 4 (28.6%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.41 |
| II | 14 (51.9%) | 5 (35.7%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.08 |
| III | 5 (18.5%) | 3 (21.4%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.69 |
| IV | 1 (3.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.33 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Leucocytes, g/L | 7.0 ± 2.3 | 6.8 ± 2.7 | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 0.62 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 14.3 ± 1.2 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 14.4 ± 1.2 | 0.67 |
| Thrombocytes, g/L | 255.4 ± 66.6 | 251.1 ± 53.4 | 260.2 ± 80.4 | 0.74 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 4.4 ± 5.4 | 4.0 ± 6.1 | 4.9 ± 4.9 | 0.70 |
| sIL‐2R, U/mL | 838.6 ± 621.0 | 723.1 ± 354.7 | 973.3 ± 831.2 | 0.32 |
| ACE, U/L | 39.2 ± 30.7 | 36.9 ± 30.2 | 41.6 ± 32.3 | 0.70 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 110.7 ± 152.0 | 64.9 ± 32.0 | 153.00 ± 203.1 | 0.15 |
| Pulmonary function parameters | ||||
| FEV1 (L) | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 0.56 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 92.9 ± 19.3 | 89.6 ± 19.8 | 97.9 ± 18.9 | 0.28 |
| RV (L) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 0.32 |
| RV (% predicted) | 105.6 ± 22.1 | 110.4 ± 26.7 | 99.1 ± 15.3 | 0.20 |
| R tot (kPa·s/L) | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.06 |
| R tot (% predicted) | 79.2 ± 35.1 | 67.1 ± 23.4 | 92.9 ± 40.0 | 0.06 |
| IVC (L) | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.62 |
| IVC (% predicted) | 94.4 ± 15.8 | 92.6 ± 17.3 | 97.3 ± 14.2 | 0.46 |
| TLC (L) | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.5 | 0.96 |
| TLC (% predicted) | 96.0 ± 11.5 | 96.7 ± 11.5 | 95.6 ± 11.5 | 0.82 |
| DLco (mmol/min/kPa) | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 7.4 ± 2.3 | 0.43 |
| DLco (% predicted) | 72.6 ± 15.4 | 69.7 ± 14.9 | 76.6 ± 15.4 | 0.26 |
| DLco/VA (mmol/min/kPa/L) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.37 |
| DLco/VA (% predicted) | 88.6 ± 14.2 | 86.0 ± 14.0 | 91.7 ± 14.0 | 0.31 |
| Capillary blood gas analysis | ||||
| pO2 (mmHg) | 78.2 ± 8.8 | 78.1 ± 7.7 | 78.3 ± 10.2 | 0.95 |
| pCO2 (mmHg) | 33.9 ± 4.0 | 34.5 ± 2.8 | 33.2 ± 5.0 | 0.42 |
| sO2 (%) | 95.6 ± 2.2 | 95.93 ± 0.9 | 95.3 ± 3.0 | 0.61 |
| Echocardiographic pathologies, n (%) | ||||
| LVEF < 40% | 3 (10.3%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.09 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 116.9 ± 66.1 | 130.4 ± 85.6 | 101.0 ± 27.2 | 0.29 |
| Diastolic dysfunction ≥ I° | 13 (48.1%) | 7 (50.0%) | 6 (54.5%) | 0.82 |
| Regional abnormal wall motion | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | 0.91 |
| Wall thickening | 11 (40.7%) | 7 (50.0%) | 4 (33.3%) | 0.39 |
| Ventricular aneurysm | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Mitral valve regurgitation ≥ I° | 16 (59.3%) | 9 (64.3%) | 7 (58.3%) | 0.76 |
| ECG pathologies, n (%) | ||||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 72.2 ± 12.7 | 69.3 ± 12.7 | 75.0 ± 12.1 | 0.26 |
| Advanced atrioventricular block | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.62 |
| Abnormal Q‐wave | 3 (11.1%) | 1 (7.1%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.32 |
| QRS fragmentation | 5 (18.5%) | 2 (14.3%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.34 |
| T‐wave negativity, n (%) | 13 (48.1%) | 7 (50.0%) | 6 (46.2%) | 0.31 |
| Complete RBBB | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Incomplete LBBB | 2 (7.4%) | 2 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.16 |
| Complete LBBB | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.62 |
| QTc interval duration (ms) | 428.8 ± 33.5 | 423.2 ± 29.7 | 431.9 ± 36.8 | 0.52 |
| Premature atrial contractions | 1 (3.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.33 |
| Premature ventricular contractions | 3 (11.1%) | 2 (14.3%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.59 |
| Holter monitoring pathologies, n (%) | ||||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 76.7 ± 10.1 | 73.4 ± 9.9 | 80.3 ± 9.5 | 0.11 |
| Premature atrial contractions | 115.5 ± 230.4 | 137.8 ± 295.4 | 91.1 ± 139.9 | 0.64 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Premature ventricular contractions | 659.6 ± 2207.4 | 1122.4 ± 3010.0 | 154.7 ± 464.6 | 0.30 |
| Sustained ventricular tachycardia | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| T‐wave alternans | 15.2 ± 7.6 | 14.9 ± 8.3 | 15.6 ± 7.2 | 0.83 |
| Heart rate variability measures | ||||
| Time‐domain analysis | ||||
| SDNN (ms) | 128.9 ± 36.5 | 131.2 ± 40.3 | 126.3 ± 33.6 | 0.76 |
| SDANN (ms) | 114.5 ± 32.0 | 116.6 ± 35.8 | 112.2 ± 28.9 | 0.75 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 26.1 ± 13.9 | 27.5 ± 13.4 | 24.6 ± 14.9 | 0.63 |
| PNN50% | 5.9 ± 9.1 | 6.3 ± 8.2 | 5.5 ± 10.5 | 0.83 |
| Frequency‐domain analysis | ||||
| HF (ms2) | 185.1 ± 246.9 | 219.8 ± 321.3 | 147.2 ± 132.1 | 0.49 |
| LF (ms2) | 647.2 ± 693.4 | 650.2 ± 861.7 | 643.9 ± 490.9 | 0.98 |
| VLF (ms2) | 2152.3 ± 1862.0 | 2458.5 ± 2418.8 | 1818.4 ± 978.1 | 0.42 |
| LF/HF | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 3.7 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 4.3 | 0.21 |
| Total power (ms2) | 2914.8 ± 2204.3 | 3065.8 ± 2772.9 | 2750.0 ± 1474.6 | 0.74 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or total number and percentage (in parentheses), as appropriate.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; b.p.m., beats per minute; CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance; DLco, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; ECG, electrocardiography; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in first second of expiration; HF, high frequency; IVC, inspiratory vital capacity; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LF, low frequency; LF/HF ratio, low frequency/high frequency ratio; LVEDV, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; pCO2, carbon dioxide partial pressure; PNN50%, percent NN intervals >50 ms different from the prior interval; pO2, oxygen partial pressure; QTc, corrected QT; R tot, total resistance; RBBB, right bundle branch block; RMSSD; root‐mean square successive difference of R‐R intervals; RV, residual volume; SDANN, standard deviation of the average NN intervals; SDNN = mean standard deviation of NN intervals; sIL‐2R, soluble interleukin‐2 receptor; sO2, oxygen saturation; TLC, total lung capacity; VA, alveolar volume; VLF, very low frequency.
Detection of cardiac sarcoidosis relied on presence of late gadolinium enhancement; in case of early relative gadolinium enhancement or pathological T2‐weighted imaging, cardiac sarcoid involvement was suspected.
Symptomatology refers to any time occurrence since the initial, CS‐confirming CMR conduction.