Table 2.

Myocardial Fibrosis Among HIV Infected Persons in Comparative Studies

Study	Population	Findings
Holloway et al 2013 ⁴²	90 patients with HIV on ART (median age 43 years), duration of HIV infection 7.4±6.0 years; 39 age-matched controls (median age 40 years) without CV disease	Myocardial fibrosis by LGE, predominantly in the LV basal inferolateral wall, was observed in 76% of patients with HIV vs. 13% of controls (P<0.001); peak myocardial systolic and diastolic longitudinal strain were lower in HIV patient; patients with HIV had 47% higher median myocardial lipid levels
Thiara et al 2015 ⁴³	95 patients with HIV (age, 49±10 years; 93% on ART for 9±6 years), duration of HIV infection 14±8 years; 30 matched healthy adults (age, 46±8 years) without known CV disease	Myocardial extracellular volume was 0.28±0.04 in patients with HIV vs. 0.26±0.04 in controls (P=0.02) but focal myocardial scarring (by LGE) was similar (8.6% and 7.7%, respectively; P =0.8); mean LV radial strain was decreased in patients with HIV vs. controls (21.7% ± 8.6% vs. 30.5% ± 14.2%; P=0.004)
Luetkens et al 2016 ³⁵	28 patients with HIV (age, 49±9 years) on ART, duration of HIV infection 9.7±6.9 years; 22 healthy adults (age, 45±16 years) without known CV disease	Myocardial fibrosis by LGE, predominantly in the mid-ventricular and basal inferolateral LV wall, was present in 82.1% of patients with HIV vs. 27.3% of controls (P<0.001); patients with HIV had lower LVEF and global longitudinal ( 17.7±3.4% vs. 20.2±3.2%, P<0.001) and circumferential ( 21.2±4.6% versus 24.7±5.1%; P<0.001) strain; parameters indicating inflammation were elevated in patients with HIV
Ntusi et al 2016 ³⁶	103 patients with HIV without known CV disease (age, 44±10; 13 ART naïve; 29 on protease-inhibitor regimen; 61 on non- nucleoside reverse- transcription inhibitor regimen); 92 healthy controls (age, 45±10)	Patients with HIV had more myocardial areas with elevated short-tau inversion recovery (indicating myocardial injury) vs. controls, higher average native T1 values (969 vs. 956 ms; P=0.01), more frequent LGE (83% vs. 16%; P<0.001), and 9% lower peak diastolic strain rate (P< 0.001); pericardial effusions were more common in patients with HIV

ART= antiretroviral therapy; CV=cardiovascular; HIV= human immunodeficiency virus; LGE = late gadolinium enhancement; LV = left ventricular; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction