Table 4.

Long-term opioid use and number of opioid refills in the 1 year following index opioid fill^*

	Long-term use among individuals with initial opioid fill ≤7 days**	Long-term use among individuals with initial opioid fill >7 days**	Risk Difference (95% CI)
	Proportion (%)	Proportion (%)	%
Joint pain	16/1557 (1.0)	90/1751 (5.1)	4.1 (3.0, 5.3)
Back pain without radiculopathy	47/2955 (1.6)	151/2619 (5.8)	4.2 (3.2, 5.2)
Headache	1/642 (0.2)	10/496 (2.0)	1.8 (0.6, 3.5)
Neck pain	9/709 (1.3)	46/605 (7.6)	6.3 (4.2, 8.8)
Tendonitis/ Bursitis	4/345 (1.2)	14/304 (4.6)	3.4 (0.8, 6.5)
Muscular strains/sprains	1/630 (0.2)	5/263 (1.9)	1.7 (0.4, 4.2)
Back pain with radiculopathy	9/489 (1.8)	36/500 (7.2)	5.4 (2.8, 8.1)
Nephrolithiasis	0/277 (0)	2/120 (1.7)	1.7 (−0.1, 5.9)
Musculoskeletal injury	1/64 (1.6)	1/52 (1.9)	0.3 (−7.8, 10.1)
Dental pain	1/189 (0.5)	0/42 (0)	−0.5 (−9.9, 3.4)

^*among opioid recipients only and patients with at least 365 days of continuous enrollment following the index fill

^**long-term use defined as ≥180 days of opioid use