Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies (N = 23)

ED emergency department, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HCP healthcare provider, QoL quality of life, SM self-management, SMBG self-monitoring blood glucose. *Effect size was calculated as the mean difference (using the last time point, unless a primary endpoint was specified) of the two study groups divided by the pooled standard deviation of the difference