Table 1.
Summary of studies on cognitive BT in TS patients.
| Authors | Interventions | Patients (n°) | Mean age | Outcome measures | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azrin and Peterson (27) | HR, WL | 10 | 18.1 | Tic frequency video-rating | HR > WLHR 93.5% decrease |
| O’Connor et al. (28) | HR/CBT > WL | 47 | 39.1 | Tic frequency video-rating | HR/CBT > WL |
| Wilhelm et al. (29) | HR, ST | 32 | 36.2 | Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) | HR > ST HR: from 30.5 to 19.8 ST: from 26.6 to 26.9 |
| Verdellen et al. (12) | HR, ERP | 43 | 20.6 | YGTSS | HR = ERP 58% ER > 30% reduction; 28% HR > 30% reduction |
| Deckersbach et al. (30) | HR, ST | 30 | 35.1 | YGTSS | HR > ST HR: 39.3 to 18.3 ST: 27.7 to 26.8 |
| Piacentini et al. (32) | HR, ST | 126 | 11.7 | YGTSS | HR > ST HR: 6 points reduction; SP: 3 points reduction |
| Wilhelm et al. (33) | CBT, PE, and ST | 122 | 32 | YGTSS | CBT > PE and ST |
| Yates et al. (31) | HRT, PE | 33 | 10.96 | YGTSS | HR: motor tic from 17.65 to 15.12; PE: motor tic 16.31 to 15.88 |
HR, habit reversal; WL, waitlist; ST, supportive therapy; ERP, exposure response prevention; CBT, comprehensive behavioral therapy; PE, psychoeducation.