Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and iTUG data in the lab assessment.
| “The vigorous” FOF- | “The anxious” FOF+ | “The stoic” FOF- | “The aware” FOF+ | p-value | Cohort | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Previous falls- | Previous falls- | Previous falls+ | Previous falls+ | |||
| N (female) | 18 (5) | 12 (3) | 8 (3) | 5 (1) | 0.86 | 43 (12) |
| Age (years) | 65 ± 10 | 64 ± 19 | 68 ± 9 | 67 ± 6 | 0.85 | 65 ± 12 |
| UPDRS III1 (0–132) | 21 (10–34) | 31 (15–56) ∗ | 23 (18–39) (‡) | 30 (26–42) (∗) | 0.003 | 27 (10–56) |
| H&Y (1–5) | 4/13/1/0/0 | 0/11/1/0/0 | 2/6/0/0/0 | 2/1/2/0/0 | 0.05 | 8/31/4/0/0 |
| MMSE1 (0–30) | 28 (25–30) | 28 (24–30) | 29 (24–30) | 29 (27–30) | 0.57 | 28 (24–30) |
| FES-I1 (0–64) | 17 (16–19) | 23 (20–35) ∗ | 17 (16–19) ‡ | 27 (21–29) ∗ # | 0.0001 | 18 (16–35) |
| Disease duration1 (years) | 5 (2–15) | 6 (3–13) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (2–10) | 0.18 | 5 (2–15) |
| Freezing of gait (yes vs. no) (Vogler et al., 2015) | y:4, n:14 | y:5, n:7 | y:2, n:6 | y:2, n:3 | 0.38 | y:13, n:30 |
| Levodopa equivalent dose1 (mg) | 415 (100–1055) | 650 (220–1550) | 525 (180–756) | 457 (400–980) | 0.19 | 460 (100–1550) |
| CSF-amyloid-beta1-42 (normal vs. lowered) (Palmqvist et al., 2014) | n:10, l:8 | n:5, l:7 | n:2, l:6 | n:2, l:3 | 0.53 | n:19, l:24 |
| iTUG turn 1 | ||||||
| Turn duration (s) | 2.34 ± 0.53 | 2.85 ± 0.67 | 2.25 ± 0.56 | 3.44 ± 1.09 ∗ # | 0.02 | 2.59 ± 0.74 |
| Turn angle (°) | 183 ± 7 | 178 ± 9 | 181 ± 4 | 172 ± 12 | 0.16 | 180 ± 8 |
| Average angular velocity (°/s) | 81 ± 18 | 71 ± 15 | 78 ± 16 | 58 ± 13 | 0.20 | 75 ± 17 |
| Maximum angular velocity (°/s) | 157 ± 33 | 133 ± 28 | 163 ± 24 | 117 ± 35 | 0.07 | 147 ± 33 |
| Start angular velocity (°/s) | 29 ± 20 | 23 ± 14 | 19 ± 10 | 32 ± 13 | 0.43 | 26 ± 16 |
| Middle angular velocity (°/s) | 123 ± 32 | 122 ± 38 | 143 ± 24 | 81 ± 28 (‡) # | 0.02 | 122 ± 35 |
| End angular velocity (°/s) | 24 ± 11 | 17 ± 7 | 21 ± 7 | 23 ± 12 | 0.72 | 21 ± 10 |
| iTUG turn 2 | ||||||
| Turn duration (s) | 4.15 ± 0.56 | 4.94 ± 0.72 | 4.41 ± 0.81 | 6.07 ± 1.79 ∗ (‡) # | 0.002 | 4.64 ± 1.03 |
| Turn angle (°) | 180 ± 7 | 174 ± 11 | 177 ± 6 | 177 ± 4 | 0.88 | 177 ± 8 |
| Average angular velocity (°/s) | 72 ± 16 | 61 ± 15 | 71 ± 16 | 50 ± 14 | 0.22 | 66 ± 17 |
| Maximum angular velocity (°/s) | 152 ± 43 | 115 ± 22 (∗) | 147 ± 17 | 95 ± 17 ∗ (#) | 0.03 | 134 ± 37 |
| Start angular velocity (°/s) | 26 ± 17 | 22 ± 13 | 24 ± 8 | 19 ± 14 | 0.97 | 24 ± 14 |
| Middle angular velocity (°/s) | 116 ± 32 | 91 ± 31 | 95 ± 44 | 70 ± 18 | 0.26 | 100 ± 36 |
| End angular velocity (°/s) | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 4 | 12 ± 7 | 8 ± 5 | 0.29 | 9 ± 5 |
Calculations were performed with ANOVA and a post hoc Student’s t-tests (demographic and clinical data), and with a linear regression model corrected for gender, and UPDRS III (iTUG data). In case of non-normally distributed data1, data are presented with median and range, and calculations were performed with the Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Wilcoxon tests. Statistically significant differences are marked in bold. Post hoc analyses were Bonferroni corrected (p < 0.05/4 = 0.0125). Post hoc values 0.0125 ≤p<0.05 are presented in brackets. ∗ Against “the vigorous”; ‡ against “the anxious”; # against “the stoic.” CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FES-I, The Falls Efficacy Scale International; FOF, fear of falling; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr stage; MMSE, Mini-Mental-State-Examination; iTUG, instrumented Timed up and Go Test; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.