Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, and quantitative turning data in the home assessment.
| “The vigorous” FOF- | “The anxious” FOF+ | “The stoic” FOF- | “The aware” FOF+ | p-value | Cohort | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Previous falls- | Previous falls- | Previous falls+ | Previous falls+ | |||
| N (female) | 19 (5) | 10 (2) | 6 (2) | 5 (2) | 0.48 | 40 (11) |
| Age (years) | 66 ± 9 | 65 ± 6 | 68 ± 8 | 66 ± 8 | 0.95 | 66 ± 8 |
| UPDRS III1 (0–132) | 21 (10–38) | 29 (15–56) | 23 (15-30) | 29 (15-30) | 0.06 | 23 (10-56) |
| H&Y (1–5) | 2/15/2/0/0 | 9/1/0/0/0 | 2/4/0/0/0 | 2/1/2/0/0 | 0.07 | 6/29/5/0/0 |
| MMSE1 (0–30) | 28 (25–30) | 28 (24–30) | 29 (24–30) | 28 (26–30) | 0.51 | 28 (24–30) |
| FES-I1 (0–64) | 16 (16–19) | 23 (20–35) ∗ | 17 (16–19) ‡ | 27 (25–41) ∗ ‡# | 0.0001 | 18 (16–41) |
| Disease duration1 (years) | 4 (2–15) | 6 (3–13) | 3 (2–5) | 5 (2–12) | 0.13 | 4 (2–15) |
| Freezing of gait (yes/no) (Vogler et al., 2015) | y:4, n:15 | y:4, n:6 | y:2, n:4 | y:2, n:3 | 0.64 | y:12, n:28 |
| Levodopa equivalent dose1 (mg) | 415 (100–1055) | 735 (220–1252) | 460 (100–715) | 429 (400–1338) | 0.11 | 457 (100–1338) |
| CSF amyloid-beta1-42 (normal vs. lowered) (Palmqvist et al., 2014) | n:9, l:10 | n:2, l:8 | n:2, l:4 | n:4, l:1 | 0.14 | n:17, l:23 |
| Duration of measurement (days)1 | 12 ± 2 | 12 ± 2 | 12 ± 2 | 13 ± 1 | 0.63 | 12 ± 2 |
| Number of turns/day1 | 787 ± 366 | 912 ± 635 | 770 ± 299 | 710 ± 341 | 0.60 | 804 ± 417 |
| Turn angle (°) | 122 ± 3 | 121 ± 3 | 119 ± 2 | 118 ± 5 | 0.11 | 121 ± 3 |
| Turn duration (s) | 2.47 ± 0.23 | 2.49 ± 0.19 | 2.71 ± 0.26 | 2.38 ± 0.33 | 0.07 | 2.50 ± 0.25 |
| Average angular velocity (°/s) | 59 ± 6 | 59 ± 5 | 52 ± 6 (∗) (‡) | 61 ± 8 # | 0.04 | 58 ± 6 |
| Maximum angular velocity (°/s) | 183 ± 18 | 185 ± 9 | 167 ± 14 (∗) (‡) | 194 ± 20 # | 0.04 | 182 ± 17 |
| Start angular velocity (°/s) | 24 ± 6 | 23 ± 4 | 20 ± 5 | 25 ± 6 | 0.34 | 23 ± 5 |
| Middle angular velocity (°/s) | 73 ± 13 | 77 ± 6 | 68 ± 6 | 79 ± 10 | 0.23 | 74 ± 11 |
| End angular velocity (°/s) | 25 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | 22 ± 4 | 28 ± 5 | 0.33 | 25 ± 5 |
Calculations were performed with ANOVA and a post hoc Student’s t-tests (demographic and clinical data), and with a linear regression model corrected for gender, and UPDRS III (quantitative turning data). In case of non-normally distributed data1, data are presented with median and range and calculations were performed with the Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Wilcoxon tests. Statistically significant differences are marked in bold. Post hoc analyses were Bonferroni corrected (p < 0.05/4 = 0.0125). Post hoc values 0.0125 ≤p < 0.05 are presented in brackets. ∗ Against “the vigorous”; ‡ against “the anxious”; # against “the stoic.” CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FES-I, The Falls Efficacy Scale International; FOF, fear of falling; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr stage; MMSE, Mini-Mental-State-Examination; iTUG, instrumented Timed up and Go Test; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.