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. 2018 Mar 27;9:287. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00287

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Copyright © 2018 Rojo de la Vega, Zhang and Wondrak.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Topical bixin and UV modulate the expression of NRF2 pathway proteins in SKH1 mouse skin. (A) Treatment scheme of acute photodamage study. SKH1 Nrf2^+/+ and Nrf2^-/- mice were treated with vehicle control (Ctrl) or 1% bixin (Bix), alone or in combination with solar UV (UVB 240 mJ/cm²) (UV, Bix + UV). Skin tissues were collected for analysis 1 day after exposures. (B) Protein expression of NRF2 and its downstream genes in skin tissue lysates as assessed by immunoblot analyses. Protein expression was quantified, normalized, and represented as fold change compared to controls. Blots of three representative samples for each group are shown. p < 0.05: ^∗compared to Ctrl, ^#compared to UV, ^$compared to Bix.