Table 3. Adverse effects of testosterone (5,7,9,36,47).
| Increasing hematocrit |
| Venous thromboembolism (controversial) |
| Increasing levels of PSA and worsening lower urinary tract symptoms |
| Testicular atrophy and infertility |
| Adverse hepatic side effects (only for oral preparations) |
| Exacerbation of sleep apnea |
| Edema |
| Gynecomastia |
| Skin reactions (for transdermal preparations) |
PSA, prostate specific antigen.