Table 1.
Sociodemographic and Functional Characteristics of Sample
| Characteristics | Total sample (n = 56) | Mild stage (n = 21) | Moderate stage (n = 13) | Severe stage (n = 22) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Care recipient | |||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 79.4 (9.28) (R = 56.0–96.2) |
77.3 (8.54) (R = 57.6–93.7) |
81.9 (9.60) (R = 61.7–96.1) |
80.0 (9.76) (R = 56.0–96.2) |
|
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Male | 53.6 | 66.7 | 46.2 | 45.5 | |
| Female | 46.4 | 33.3 | 53.8 | 54.5 | |
| Race (%) | |||||
| White | 76.8 | 81.0 | 84.6 | 68.2 | |
| African American | 21.4 | 14.3 | 15.4 | 31.8 | |
| Other | 1.8 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married or partnered | 66.1 | 76.2 | 46.2 | 68.2 | |
| Widowed | 26.8 | 19.0 | 38.5 | 27.3 | |
| Divorced | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 4.5 | |
| Single, never married | 1.8 | 0 | 7.7 | 0 | |
| Education | |||||
| <HS | 21.4 | 19.0 | 38.5 | 13.6 | |
| HS | 33.9 | 33.3 | 30.8 | 36.4 | |
| Some college | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 4.5 | |
| College degree | 19.6 | 14.3 | 23.1 | 22.7 | |
| Graduate degree | 14.3 | 28.6 | 0 | 9.1 | |
| CSDD, Mean (SD) | 8.45 (4.71) | 8.24 (5.74) | 10.0 (4.90) | 7.73 (3.31) | |
| Allen level, Mean (SD), Range | 3.63 (0.51), 2.8–4.6 | 4.22 (.17), 4.0–4.6 | 3.52 (.17), 3.4–3.8 | 3.13 (.12), 2.8–3.2 | .000 |
| MMSE, Mean (SD) | 10.93 (7.95) | 16.48 (.74) | 10.38 (4.89) | 5.95 (6.55) | .000 |
| DRS Attention | 6.33 (4.72) | 9.95 (3.68) | 5.77 (4.46) | 3.24 (3.30) | .000 |
| DRS Initiation/Persev. | 2.07 (1.11) | 2.55 (1.50) | 2.00 (.00) | 1.67 (.86) | .035 |
| DRS Construction | 5.72 (3.86) | 8.75 (3.09) | 4.85 (2.82) | 3.25 (3.08) | .000 |
| DRS Conceptualization | 4.28 (3.17) | 6.30 (3.47) | 4.15 (2.70) | 2.35 (1.63) | .000 |
| DRS Memory | 2.00 (.91) | 2.20 (.95) | 2.23 (.83) | 1.67 (.86) | .098 |
| Comportment | 26.38 (7.07) | 28.83 (7.32) | 27.08 (4.94) | 23.24 (7.34) | .056 |
| IADL, Mean (SD) | 2.88 (1.01) | 4.00 (.87) | 4.30 (.65) | 4.54 (.52) | .043 |
| ADL, Mean (SD) | 4.28 (0.73) | 2.49 (1.14) | 2.69 (1.01) | 3.21 (.87) | .118 |
| Number of behavioral problems | 7.68 (4.10) | 6.23 (3.87) | 7.38 (2.75) | 9.23 (4.48) | .050 |
| Caregiver | |||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 64.9 (10.83) | 64.8 (9.36) | 64.5 (12.48) | 65.4 (11.64) | |
| Relationship to CR, % | |||||
| Spouse | 59.0 | 76.2 | 30.8 | 59.1 | |
| Daughter | 33.9 | 23.8 | 53.8 | 31.8 | |
| Other | 5.4 | 0 | 15.4 | 4.5 | |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Male | 12.5 | 9.5 | 7.7 | 18.2 | |
| Female | 87.5 | 90.5 | 92.3 | 81.8 | |
| Race (%) | |||||
| White | 76.8 | 81.0 | 84.6 | 68.2 | |
| African American | 21.4 | 14.3 | 15.4 | 31.8 | |
| Other | 1.8 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married or partnered | 78.6 | 85.7 | 61.5 | 81.8 | |
| Widowed | 3.6 | 0 | 15.4 | 0 | |
| Divorced | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 4.5 | |
| Single, never married | 12.5 | 9.5 | 15.4 | 13.6 | |
| Education | |||||
| <HS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| HS | 26.8 | 42.9 | 15.4 | 18.2 | |
| Some college | 25 | 19.0 | 38.5 | 22.7 | |
| College degree | 28.6 | 19.0 | 30.8 | 36.4 | |
| Graduate degree | 17.9 | 14.3 | 15.4 | 22.7 | |
| CESD, Mean (SD) | 13.38 (9.47) | 12.81 (9.12) | 17.46 (11.54) | 11.5 (8.08) | |
| Burden, Mean (SD) | 20.76 (8.69) | 21.48 (7.70) | 22.46 (10.72) | 19.0 (8.37) | |
Note: One-way ANOVA revealed no between-groups differences in any of the caregiver or care recipient demographic variables. HS = high school; CSDD = Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; DRS = Dementia Rating Scale-2; Persev = Perseveration; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; ADL = basic activities of daily living; ANOVA = analysis of variance; CR = care recipient. Values in boldface indicate statistical significance.