Table 2.
Well-being, Sociodemographic, and Caregiving Characteristics of Sample by Caregiving Group
| (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (e) | x 2 or F | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sibling caregivers | Spouse caregivers | Parent caregivers | Adult child caregivers | Noncaregivers | |||
| (n = 61) | (n = 99) | (n = 105) | (n = 366) | (n = 4,944) | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
| Female: n (%) | 43 (70.5) | 65 (65.7) | 72 (68.6) | 338 (62.3) | 2,431 (49.2) | 56.05*** | a, b, c, d > e |
| Minority status: n (%) | 29 (47.5) | 21 (21.2) | 28 (26.7) | 89 (24.5) | 1,134 (23.1) | 21.02*** | a > b, c, d, e |
| Age: M (SD) | 52.31 (10.70) | 59.98 (11.94) | 51.62 (12.08) | 51.13 (8.93) | 51.94 (12.07) | 11.72*** | b > a, c, d, e |
| Married: n (%) | 29 (47.5) | 99 (100.0) | 62 (59.0) | 230 (62.8) | 3,286 (66.5) | 64.51*** | a, c, d, e < b |
| a < d, e | |||||||
| Employed: n (%) | 31 (49.1) | 43 (43.4) | 62 (59.0) | 241 (65.7) | 3,316 (66.9) | 33.93*** | a, b < d, e; b < c |
| Education: M (SD) | 14.16 (2.75) | 14.12 (2.34) | 14.40 (2.60) | 14.33 (2.35) | 14.31 (2.67) | 0.22 | |
| Well-being | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms: M (SD) | 1.72 (2.78) | 0.97 (2.04) | 1.30 (2.34) | 1.13 (2.28) | 0.57 (1.66) | 5.08*** | a, b, c, d > e |
| Self-rated health: M (SD) | 3.16 (1.08) | 3.44 (1.12) | 3.12 (1.14) | 3.49 (1.01) | 3.53 (1.05) | 14.07*** | c < b, d, e |
| Life satisfaction: M (SD) | 3.31 (0.83) | 3.38 (0.67) | 3.14 (0.92) | 3.50 (0.68) | 3.56 (0.66) | 8.34*** | b, c < d, e; c < a |
| Perceived control: M (SD) | 3.44 (0.74) | 3.47 (0.73) | 3.43 (0.77) | 3.58 (0.67) | 3.64 (0.63) | 3.50*** | b, c < d, e |
| Caregiving context | |||||||
| Reason for care: n (%) | 206.72*** | c < a, b, d; a < b, d | |||||
| Medical condition | 41 (67.2) | 92 (92.9) | 34 (33.7) | 287 (80.4) | |||
| DD or MI | 15 (24.6) | 2 (2.0) | 53 (52.5) | 6 (1.7) | |||
| Other | 5 (8.2) | 5 (5.1) | 14 (13.9) | 64 (17.9) | |||
| Weeks of care past year: M (SD) | 21.11 (18.56) | 29.55 (21.40) | 35.47 (19.66) | 29.10 (19.15) | 7.05*** | ||
| Weekly caregiving hours: M (SD) | 19.66 (28.46) | 30.58 (30.16) | 31.03 (30.16) | 23.41 (25.94) | 4.13** | ||
| Help bath/dress/eat: n (%) | 26 (42.6) | 65 (65.7) | 59 (56.2) | 225 (61.5) | 9.83* | b, d > a | |
| Help getting around: n (%) | 30 (50.0) | 70 (70.7) | 39 (37.1) | 271 (74.0) | 56.38*** | b, d > a, c; a > c | |
| Help shopping/housework: n (%) | 51 (83.6) | 86 (86.9) | 87 (82.9) | 318 (86.9) | 1.44 | ||
| Help money/phone/med: n (%) | 36 (60.0) | 76 (76.8) | 91 (86.8) | 286 (78.1) | 15.02** | b, c, d > a | |
| Coresidence: n (%) | 14 (23.0) | 97 (98.0) | 80 (76.2) | 143 (39.1) | 153.67*** | b, c > a, d; b > c; d > a | |
Notes. Number of missing cases: age (1), race (44), employed (31), education (9), self-rated physical health (1), life satisfaction (5), perceived control (7), reason for care (13), help getting around (1), and help money/phone/med (1).
F tests of well-being measures were conducted after controlling for sociodemographic differences across the four caregiver groups as well as the group of noncaregivers.
Post hoc test results are noted when there is a significant difference (p ≤ .05) from (a) sibling caregivers; (b) spouse caregivers; (c) parent caregivers; (d) adult child caregivers; and (e) noncaregivers.
DD = developmental disability; MI = mental illness.
*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01. ***p ≤ .001.