Table 2.
Results From Multilevel Models Predicting CR and CG Quality of Life
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Absolute difference | Direction of difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 3a | Model 3b | |||
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Intercept | 37.84 (0.34) | 40.81*** (1.07) | 41.00*** (1.15) | 40.58*** (1.51) |
| Within dyads or mixed | ||||
| Respondent | −1.86** (0.56) | −2.29*** (0.55) | −2.28*** (0.55) | −2.28*** (0.55) |
| Relationship strain (centered) | −0.66*** (0.15) | −0.66*** (0.16) | −0.66*** (0.16) | |
| Race | −0.42 (0.61) | −0.26 (0.62) | ||
| Between dyads | ||||
| Female CG | −1.89* (0.77) | −1.65* (0.77) | −1.69* (0.76) | |
| Spouse CG | 1.60** (0.66) | 1.58** (0.65) | 1.32* (0.65) | |
| CG income adequacy (centered) | 1.15 (0.62) | 1.28* (0.60) | 1.28* (0.60) | |
| ADL | −1.10(0.30)*** | −1.28** (0.32) | −1.22*** (0.30) | |
| DMI (absolute difference) | −0.09 (0.05) | |||
| VALUES (absolute difference) | −0.46* (0.18) | |||
| DMI CG < CR | −0.51 (1.16) | |||
| DMI CG > CR | 1.65 (1.06) | |||
| VALUES CG > CR | −0.43 (0.84) | |||
| VALUES CG < CR | −1.45* (0.78) | |||
| Variance components | ||||
| Between dyads (τ00) | 7.80** | 5.12*** | 4.39*** | 4.00*** |
| Within dyads (σ2) | 31.15 | 28.50 | 28.50 | 28.52 |
| Model fit statistics | ||||
| Deviance | 2,565.93 | 2,511.21 | 2,503.65 | 24,699.73 |
| Number of parameters | 4 | 10 | 12 | 14 |
| Chi square | 297.08*** | 269.18*** | 259.02* | 223.67*** |
| Degrees of freedom | 204 | 198 | 196 | 194 |
Notes. Respondent was coded as follows: −.5 = CG or .5 = CR. For Model 3b, CG = CR is the reference group for DMI and VALUES; Δ Deviance indicates whether model fit is improved significantly. N = 205 dyads, 410 observations.
ADL = activities of daily living; CG = caregiver; CR = care recipient; DMI = decision-making involvement.
*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01. ***p ≤ .001.