Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants (N = 229)
| Racial/Ethnic Background | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 229) | African American (n = 52) | Latino (n = 63) | Korean (n = 60) | Chinese (n = 54) | p value |
| Age, mean ± SD (range) | 73.9 ± 6.6 (60–96) | 73.0 ± 7.2 (61–87) |
72.4 ± 5.8 (62–87) |
76.2 ± 6.7 (60–96) |
74.2 ± 6.5 (63–86) | .011 |
| Female, n (%) | 157 (69%) | 39 (75%) | 49 (78%) | 36 (60%) | 33 (61%) | .075 |
| Physical-health-related quality of life, mean ± SD | 42.3 ± 10.0 | 43.1 ± 9.7 | 43.2 ± 10.1 | 42.1 ± 9.9 | 40.5 ± 10.3 | .465 |
| Mental-health related quality of life, mean ± SD | 50.5 ± 9.9 | 53.4 ± 10.6 | 50.5 ± 10.8 | 48.5 ± 8.6 | 49.9 ± 8.9 | .070 |
| Unable to perform ≥ 2 ADLs, n (%) | 40 (17%) | 11 (21%) | 11 (17%) | 6 (10%) | 12 (22%) | .301 |
| Number of comorbidities, mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 2.2 ± 2.1 | 1.4 ± 2.4 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | .004 |
| Possible depression (PHQ9 score ≥ 10), n (%) | 37 (16%) | 7 (13%) | 13 (21%) | 10 (17%) | 7 (13%) | .653 |
| Perceived supporta, mean ± SD | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | <.001 |
| Highest grade of formal education completed, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤8 | 61 (27%) | 1 (2%) | 32 (51%) | 9 (15%) | 19 (35%) | <.001 |
| 9–12 | 81 (35%) | 19 (37%) | 20 (32%) | 29 (48%) | 13 (24%) | .050 |
| Some college | 87 (38%) | 32 (62%) | 11 (17%) | 22 (37%) | 22 (41%) | <.001 |
| Years living in the United Statesb, mean ± SD | N/A | 37.1 ± 11.6 | 27.8 ± 11.2 | 23.1 ± 11.0 | <.001 | |
| Maintenance of heritage culturec, mean ± SD | N/A | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | .002 | |
| Acculturation towards mainstream culturec, mean ± SD | N/A | 6.7 ± 1.6 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | <.001 | |
| Overall expectations regarding aging scale, mean ± SD | 30.5 ± 21.6 | 48.3 ± 19.6 | 36.7 ± 21.2 | 22.8 ± 15.0 | 14.8 ± 13.6 | <.001 |
| Physical health subscale, mean ± SD | 27.3 ± 23.1 | 43.1 ± 22.6 | 35.5 ± 21.7 | 19.4 ± 17.7 | 11.3 ± 15.5 | <.001 |
| Mental health subscale, mean ± SD | 37.0 ± 28.4 | 60.6 ± 27.1 | 41.8 ± 27.7 | 27.8 ± 19.9 | 19.0 ± 20.4 | <.001 |
| Cognitive function subscale, mean ± SD | 27.3 ± 23.1 | 41.3 ± 22.8 | 32.8 ± 23.1 | 21.1 ± 17.1 | 14.0 ± 19.7 | <.001 |
Notes. Test of significance for difference between racial/ethnic groups was derived using a chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance for the continuous variables. ADLs = activities of daily living, SD = standard deviation. Acculturation measures were not administered to African American participants.
aItem missing for one participant. bItem missing for six (3%) participants. cItem missing for 15 (8%) participants.