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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 3.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Nutr. 2014 Apr 10;34:1–30. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105541

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metabolic fates of long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids from exogenous or endogenous sources are activated to acyl-CoAs by one of 13 acyl-CoA synthetase isoforms. The free fatty acids are ligands for nuclear transcription factors and 20-carbon fatty acids can be converted to a variety of signaling eicosanoids. The acyl-CoAs are transcriptional ligands, substrates for β- and ω-oxidation, and can be incorporated into complex lipids or used to modify proteins. ACS, acyl-CoA synthetase; EET, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FA, fatty acid; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.

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