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IL-1β and CARD9 mRNA expression in A549 cells by treatment group. HZ was able to up-regulate IL-1β and CARD9 levels in A549 cells. (a, b) HZ was able to induce apoptosis by its immunomodulatory activity but not in the non-treated group. CPT was the most effective treatment at inducing IL-1β genes (a), while HZ-IL-1β was the most effective treatment at inducing CARD9 gene expression (b). (A color version of this figure is available in the online journal.)
