Table 1 Summary of the association between the incidence of or death from cardiovascular disease and glucose abnormalities.
| Study | Country | Glucose tolerance status | Age (years), mean or range | BMI (kg/m2), mean | % Men | No. participants total | Covariate | Endpoint | Hazard ratios |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Funagata Study Tominaga et al. (1999) | Japan | IGT/DM | IGT: 63 DM: 66 | ND | 44 | 2,534 | Age | CVD death | IGT, 2.22 (1.08–4.58); DM, 2.27 (1.07–4.84) |
| JPHC study Saito et al. (2009) | Japan | IFG/DM | IFG: 52 DM: 53 | 23.9 | 36 | 31,192 | Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, fasting status, community, dyslipidemia, smoking, regular alcohol drinking, sports and exercise | CHD incidence | IFG, 1.61 (1.01–2.57); DM, 4.05 (2.16–7.56) |
| JPHC study Cui et al. (2009) | Japan | Borderline/DM | Borderline: 55 DM: 56 | 23.9 | 37 | 22,528 | Age, BMI, SBP, fasting status, community, LDLC, HDLC, TG, smoking, regular alcohol drinking, and use antihypertensive medication | All types of stroke incidence | Borderline, 1.01 (0.76–1.34) in men and 1.26 (0.88–1.81) in women; DM, 1.64 (1.21–2.23) and 2.19 (1.53–3.12) |
| Hisayama Study Doi et al. (2010) | Japan | IGT/DM | 58 | 23.0 | 43 | 2,421 | Age, BMI, SBP, ECG abnormality, LDLC, HDLC, smoking, alcohol intake, and regular exercise | Ischemic stroke incidence | IGT, 0.91 (0.44–1.89) in men and 0.88 (0.46–1.70) in women; DM, 2.54 (1.40–4.63) and 2.02 (1.07–3.81) |
| CHD incidence | IGT, 1.11 (0.62–2.00) in men and 0.82 (0.31–2.15) in women; DM, 1.26 (0.67–2.35) in women and 3.46 (1.59–7.54) in men | ||||||||
| Suita Study Kokubo et al. (2010) | Japan | IFG/DM | IFG: 58 DM: 60 | 22.5 | 47 | 5,321 | Age, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and drinking status | All types of stroke incidence | IFG, 0.97 (0.64–1.46) in men and 1.36 (0.84–2.19) in women; DM, 1.78 (1.00–3.12) in women and 2.66 (1.22–5.80) in men |
| CHD incidence | IFG, 1.31 (0.87–1.96) in men and 1.83 (1.01–3.32) in women; DM, 1.69 (0.86–3.31) in women and 4.32 (1.81–10.3) in men | ||||||||
| Large claim data Fujihara et al. (2017) | Japan | Prediabetes/DM | 31–60 | 23.6 | 100 | 111,621 | BMI, SBP, LDLC, HDLC, and current smoking | CAD incidence | Age 31–40 years (males); prediabetes, 2.89 (1.02–8.19); DM 17.3 (6.36–47.0) |
| Age 41–50 years (males); prediabetes, 0.88 (0.61–1.28); DM 2.74 (1.85–4.05); Age 51–60 years (males); prediabetes 1.62 (1.16–2.32); DM, 2.47 (1.69–3.58) |
BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; ECG: electrocardiogram; HDLC: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; JPHC: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study; LDLC: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ND: not described; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides