Table 1.
Details of Ancient Vanuatu Samples Analyzed in this Study
| Sample | Code | Radiocarbon dates (marine-corrected) | Population label | Location | Sex | mtDNA haplogroup | Y haplogroup | SNPs | % Papuan ancestry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I1370 | B17.P3 | 1130-830 calBCE (3083±26 BP, Wk-21026) | Vanuatu_2900BP | Teouma, Efate | F | B4a1a1 | 237405 | −0.2±1.4 | |
| I1369 | B10B.P3 | 1070-800 calBCE (3045±30 BP, Poz-81126) | Vanuatu_2900BP | Teouma, Efate | F | B4a1a1 | 271048 | 3.0±1.4 | |
| I1368 | B30A.P3 | 1040-800 calBCE (2983±32 BP, Wk-22657) | Vanuatu_2900BP | Teouma, Efate | F | B4a1a1 | 185282 | 1.6±1.4 | |
| I5951 | TeoQE | 970-770 calBCE (2955±20 BP, PSUAMS-2411) | Vanuatu_2900BP | Teouma Quarry Edge | M | B4a1a1 | CT | 23107 | 3.9±3.5 |
| I4451 | TAP1 | 410-210 calBCE (2348±32 BP, Wk-20390) | Vanuatu_2300BP | Mele-Taplins, Efate | M | M28a7 | K2b1 | 340152 | 95.8±1.1 |
| I4096 | BURU5B | 580-710 calCE [570-680 calCE (1490±15 BP, PSUAMS-2460), 600-770 calCE (1464±30 BP, Wk-25769)] | Vanuatu_1300BP | Burumba, Epi Island | M | B4a1a1k | K2b1 | 888003 | 92.2±1.2 |
| I3921 | BURU5D | 610-770 calCE [550-670 calCE (1530±20 BP, PSUAMS-1841), 650-780 calCE (1395±15 BP, PSUAMS-2428)] | Vanuatu_1300BP | Burumba, Epi Island | M | P1d1 | K2b1 | 855305 | 91.6±1.1 |
| I5259 | Mang1 | 1320-1620 calCE (559±30 BP, Wk-20030) | Vanuatu_500BP | Mangaliliu, Efate | F | P1f | 799098 | 88.4±1.2 | |
| I4105 | WAMB1 | 1650-1950 calCE (255±20 BP, PSUAMS-1922) | Vanuatu_Epi_150BP | Wambi Bay, Epi Island | M | M28a+204 | O1a2 | 1012081 | 92.6±1.2 |
| I4106 | WAMB2 | 1670-1950 calCE (225±20 BP, PSUAMS-1923) | Vanuatu_Epi_150BP | Wambi Bay, Epi Island | M | B4a1a1a11 | O1a2 | 1020436 | 90.6±1.1 |
| I4450 | SEPU1 | 1520-1950 calCE (305±15 BP, UCIAMS-188793) | Vanuatu_Efate_150BP | Pangpang, Efate | F | P1d2 | 735460 | 90.8±1.2 | |
| I4425 | EF3_2_E | 1680-1950 calCE (200±20 BP, UCIAMS-188795) | Vanuatu_Efate_150BP | Ifira, Efate | F | P2 | 700783 | 73.6±1.4 | |
| I4424 | EF_Pango1 | 1670-1950 calCE (190±15 BP, UCIAMS-188794) | Vanuatu_Efate_150BP | Pango Village, Efate | M | B4a1a1 | M1b | 780469 | 78.6±1.4 |
| I4419 | BB1 | 1690-1930 calCE (135±15 BP, UCIAMS-188792) | Vanuatu_Efate_150BP | Banana Bay, Efate | M | B4a1a1 | K2b1 | 763556 | 86.2±1.2 |
Note: The first three samples listed are previously published individuals [1] but with new libraries now added to increase coverage; the other 11 are newly published individuals. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were called after merging data from all libraries. For the mtDNA and Y chromosome columns, underlining indicates typical East Asian (First Remote Oceanian) haplogroups, while lack of underlining indicates typical Australo-Papuan haplogroups (the italicized Y haplogroup CT is unclassified). See also Data S1.