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1% Quinine hydrochloride application significantly increases ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in sinonasal air–liquid interface cultures, compared to control saline (n = 6–7 cultures). Increases are reported in stimulated CBF/baseline CBF. (A) CBF increases over a 15 min period, and (B) a snapshot of CBF change after 10 min. **p < 0.01.
