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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5426. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23706-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine mRNA and protein levels upon EV treatment. (A) Heatmap of THP-1 cells cytokine expression at mRNA and protein levels after 4, 6 and 24 hours of 12.5 K fraction of EV incubation with THP-1 cells. (B) IL-6 mRNA expression upon 12.5 K fraction of EVs treatment. (C) Secreted TNF expression levels in EVs treated cells as determined by a cytometric bead assay. (D) Intracellular TNF content was quantified after 24 hours of 12.5 K fraction of EVs incubation by flow cytometry measurement. Data is expressed in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Mann-Whitney U test; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Bars illustrate mean ± SEM.