Table 3.
Primary outcome measure scores.
| Basline mean (±SD) | Baseline range | Follow-up mean (±SD) | Follow-up range | Change in score | Within group p-value | Between group p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE intervention | 28.33 (±1.37) | 26 to 30 | 27 (±5.02) | 17 to 30 | −0.05 (±0.15) | 0.3695 | 0.5# |
| MMSE control | 28.75 (±0.5) | 28 to 29 | 28.25 (±1.71) | 26 to 30 | −0.02 (±0.07) | 0.2965 | |
| FAB intervention | 13.33 (±1.51) | 12 to 15 | 15.17 (±2.04) | 13 to 17 | 0.14 (±0.07) | 0.013* | 0.5# |
| FAB control | 13 (±1.63) | 11 to 15 | 13.7 (±2.04) | 9 to 17 | 0.04 (±0.23) | 0.3525 | |
| DET intervention | 95.17 (±5.88) | 86 to 103 | 92.83 (±10.17) | 75 to 102 | −0.02 (±1.12) | 0.422 | 0.5# |
| DET control | 95 (±6.98) | 87 to 103 | 93.75 (±10.69) | 81 to 107 | −0.02 (±0.05) | 0.2965 | |
| IDN intervention | 101.5 (±1.22) | 100 to 103 | 98.17 (±7.39) | 84 to 105 | −0.03 (±0.07) | 0.138 | 0.5# |
| IDN control | 100.25 (±3.86) | 87 to 103 | 96.75 (±8.77) | 95 to 108 | −0.04 (±0.06) | 0.1345 | |
| OCL intervention | 102.17 (±5.46) | 92 to 106 | 103 (±5.48) | 94 to 106 | 0.01 (±0.07) | 0.344 | 0.5# |
| OCL control | 97.5 (±3.42) | 94 to 102 | 102.5 (±5.74) | 98 to 110 | 0.05 (±0.07) | 0.099 | |
| OBK intervention | 106.33 (±8.21) | 98 to 116 | 110.17 (±6.55) | 103 to 116 | 0.04 (±0.10) | 0.1785 | 0.5# |
| OBK control | 100.75 (±1.71) | 99 to 103 | 108 (±9.56) | 97 to 116 | 0.07 (±0.11) | 0.1875 | |
| GHQ12 intervention | 1.67 (±1.51) | 0 to 4 | 1.17 (±0.98) | 0 to 2 | −0.5 (±2.07) | 0.34 | 0.235 |
| GHQ12 control | 2.75 (±2.63) | 0 to 5 | 0.75 (0.50) | 0 to 1 | −2 (2.32) | 0.0785 | |
| GDS intervention | 4.12 (±2.14) | 0 to 6 | 3.33 (±2.34) | 0 to 6 | −0.83 (±1.47) | 0.099 | 0.0259* |
| GDS control | 1.5 (±1.00) | 1 to 3 | 5.5 (±6.86) | 0 to 15 | 4 (±5.94) | 0.1425 | |
| QOL5 intervention | 14.5 (±3.56) | 9 to 17 | 17.83 (±2.93) | 15 to 23 | 3.33 (±3.98) | 0.0398* | 0.038* |
| QOL5 control | 16.75 (±3.10) | 14 to 21 | 13.75 (±8.14) | 3 to 21 | −3 (±7.26) | 0.207 |
Note that DET and IDN measure reaction time in milliseconds, so higher scores indicate poorer performance. A higher score indicates better performance for all other test scores (OCL, OBK, MMSE, FAB). A higher GHQ12 score indicates poorer overall psychiatric health, and a higher score for GDS and QOL5 indicate better psychiatric health. Within-group analysis conducted by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and between-group analysis conducted by ANCOVA with permutation test. There was a significant improvement in the total FAB scores within the intervention group (p = 0.013), but not in controls (p = 0.353). There was also a significant improvement in the intervention GDS scores compared to controls (0.0259). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in the intervention groups QOL5 score compared to controls (p = 0.038), as well as a significant improvement within the intervention group comparing baseline to follow-up scores (p = 0.0398) and not within the controls group (p = 0.207).
The significance level was set at p < 0.05.
The statistical value is close to zero which resulted in a two-tailed p-value of 1.0 (1-tail p-value is 0.5).