Figure 1.

Differential modulation of Drosophila locomotor reactivity by brain DANs. (A) Thermoactivation of TH-Gal4-targeted neurons reduced SING performance of TH>dTrpA1 flies at 32°C compared to the 23°C control. Expression of Shi^ts1 or membrane-associated GFP (msGFP) had no consequence at 32°C, indicating that neither blocking neurotransmitter release in these neurons or temperature rise by itself alters SING. PI: performance index. (B) Thermoinhibition of PAM neurons targeted by R58E02-Gal4 (R58E02>shi^ts1 flies) at 32°C increased SING performance compared to the 23°C control, while thermoactivation of these neurons or temperature rise by itself (R58E02>dTrpA1 and R58E02>msGFP flies, respectively) had no significant effects. (C) dTrpA1-mediated activation of all brain DANs using the TH-Gal4, R58E02-Gal4 double driver decreased SING performance slighly less than TH-Gal4 alone (shown in A) in parallel experiments (p < 0.1). Blocking with Shi^ts1 synaptic output of all DANs at the restrictive temperature did not increase SING performance in contrast to the effect of R58E02-Gal4 alone (shown in B). (D) Patterns of R58E02-Gal4 and of the double driver TH-Gal4, R58E02-Gal4 in the adult brain revealed by the expression of msGFP. The double driver labels all DANs including the PAM clusters (arrows). Scale bars represent 100 μm. (E) Thermogenetic inhibition or activation of NP6510-Gal4-targeted neurons increased and slightly decreased SING, respectively. This driver expresses in 15 PAM DANs including MB-MVP1 that project to the β1 and β'2 compartments in the horizontal lobes of the MBs (inset scheme) plus 3 non-DANs that target the fan-shaped body. (F) Inhibition or activation of PAM MB-M3 neurons targeted by NP5272-Gal4 that project to the MBs in β2 and, more faintly, in β'2 (inset scheme) had no effect on SING performance. (A–C,E,F) Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparisons tests (^*p < 0.05; ^***p < 0.001).