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Four cases of measurement errors. Note: the RMSPE statistic is generally used to assess the deviations between the observed values and true values36.
| Error label | Standard deviation | Root mean square percent error | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wingbeat frequency (Hz) | Mass | Length-to-width ratio | Body length | |
| Case I | 1 | 40% | 40% | — |
| Case II | 1 | 20% | 20% | — |
| Case III | 1 | 10% | 10% | — |
| Case IV | 1 | 10% | 10% | 10% |
