Table 4.
The risk of diabetic retinopathy according to quartiles of hemoglobin levels.
| Hemoglobin quartiles | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 515) |
Q2 (n = 531) |
Q3 (n = 553) |
Q4 (n = 524) |
||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 13.5 ± 0.01 | 14.5 ± 0.02 | 16.2 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 OR (95% CI) |
1 (ref.) | 0.607 (0.417–0.882) |
0.731 (0.501–1.069) |
0.386 (0.257–0.579) |
<0.0001 |
| Model 2 OR (95% CI) |
1 (ref.) | 0.587 (0.404–0.854) |
0.637 (0.425–0.955) |
0.311 (0.188–0.514) |
<0.0001 |
| Model 3 OR (95% CI) |
1 (ref.) | 0.6 (0.409–0.88) |
0.676 (0.445–1.026) |
0.331 (0.194–0.563) |
0.0001 |
| Model 4 OR (95% CI) |
1 (ref.) | 0.746 (0.482–1.155) |
0.880 (0.562–1.378) |
0.392 (0.220–0.699) |
0.0035 |
Model 1 is unadjusted.
Model 2 is adjusted for age and sex.
Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, education, and income.
Model 4 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, education, income, DM duration, insulin therapy, HbA1c, and eGFR.