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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5416. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23835-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Western Diet (WD)-fed Apoe^−/− rats gain more weight and are glucose intolerant. (A) Dietary fat content related weight differences (Area under curve (AUC)). Low fat (LF) (n = 16), low fat + gluten (LF + G) (n = 14), Western Diet (WD) (n = 13) and Western Diet + Gluten (WD + G) (n = 8). (B) Dietary fat content weight gain differences (AUC). (C) Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) at 8 weeks did not differ significantly over all (P = 0.0651). (LF (n = 16), LF + G (n = 15), WD (n = 14), WD + G (n = 8)). (D,E) OGTTs at 14 and 20 weeks differed significantly related to dietary fat content (P = 0.000 and P = 0.000 respectively). Week 14: LF (n = 16), LF + G (n = 15), WD (n = 13), WD + G (n = 8); Week 20: LF (n = 16), LF + G (n = 14), WD (n = 13), WD + G (n = 8). Gluten did not influence OGTTs. (F–H) Δ_Insulin (t = 30 minutes − t = 0 minutes) differed significantly between groups related to dietary fat content at all three time points (LF (n = 15), LF + G (n = 16), WD (n = 13), WD + G (n = 8)). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.