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. 2018 Apr 3;8:5435. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23810-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optical manipulation of neural excitability in the central nervous sytem (CNS). (A) A sample pFRG neuron which was immunoreactive with Phox2b (red) and stained with Lucifer yellow in the patch electrode (green). (B) membrane potential trajectory during photostimulation (460–470 nm, 0.1–0.2 mWmm⁻², duration 50 ms, interval 150 ms, 6.7 Hz). Upper trace (Vm), membrane potential; lower trace (St), photostimulation given as a train of light pulses. (C) Similar to B, but the response of another neuron to shorter train of photostimulation pulses. Note that the time scale is different. (D) Summary of neuronal excitability (n = 6). The firing frequency was compared at different time points of photostimulation: before photostimulation (the first column), 3 s after photostimulation (the second column), 3 s after end of photostimulation (the third column) and 15 s after end of photostimulation. ^†P < 0.005, Wilcoxon signed rank test.